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General Biology 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

the zone of life on Earth which comprises the sum total of all the ecosystems.

A

Biosphere

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2
Q

there are about ——— species of organisms that have been identified, but millions more have yet to be discovered.

A

8.7 million

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3
Q

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

A

The cell theory

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4
Q

is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

A

Cell

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5
Q

Microscope; “animalcules”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

Coiled the term “cell”

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

Botanist; all plants are made up of cell

A

Matthias Schleiden

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8
Q

Zoologist; all animals are made up of cell

A

Theodor Schwann

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9
Q

Cells come from pre-existing cell

A

Rudolf Virchow

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10
Q

• Lacks nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
carry small, circular DNA molecules called
“plasmids”
• DNA is found in unbound region called
“nucleoid”
• Mostly are small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure

A

Prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

Two distinct groups of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and archaea

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12
Q

Has true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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13
Q
  • contains a single, linear DNA, which carries all the genetic information Usually large and complex organisms
  • Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Membranous compartments called “little organs” or
“————”
Production of proteins
• Storage of important materials
• Harvesting of energy
• Repairing of cell parts
• Digestion of substances
• Maintenance of the shape and structure of the cell
• One organelle does not interfere with the functions of the other systems, but their roles are interdependent.

A

Cell organelle

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15
Q

A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids
Also called “cell membrane”

Separates cell from external environment;

A

Plasma membrane

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16
Q

an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
• Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have ———
Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
• made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

A

Cell wall

17
Q

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

A

Cytoplasm

18
Q

is the liquid medium contained within a cell. The ——— is a component of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytosol

19
Q

The control center of the cell that contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

A

Nucleus

20
Q

These pores regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

21
Q

-where ribosomes are assembled
-Darkened area within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized.

A

Nucleolus

22
Q

intercellular structure made of both
RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
“protein builders” or the “protein svnthesizers” of the cell
They are produced in nucleolus

A

Ribosomes

23
Q

“the transport system” of the cell
- Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

appears grainy in structure due to presence of ribosomes
• For production of proteins, membranes for the cell, and forms transport vesicles important in the transit of products

A

Rough ER

25
Q

lacks ribosomes
• It is for metabolic processes (metabolism of carbs, lipid synthesis, and detoxification of drugs, chemicals, and poisons)

A

Smoothie ER

26
Q

Golgi complex / Golgi bodies
Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898)
Consists of stacks or piles of flattened sacs called cisternae
• For the packaging, sorting, and refining of the products that the cells are making
• Modifier of ER products

A

Golgi apparatus

27
Q

“the powerhouse of the cell” where cellular respiration takes place
• The matrix contains different enzymes,
DNA, and ribosomes. These enzymes catalyze the process of cellular respiration.
• They have their own DNA which provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Mitochondrion

28
Q

protect cells by isolating and breaking down harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
• These collect and safely break down chemicals that are toxic to the cell.

  • Oxidizes and thus breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons.
A

Peroxisome

29
Q

An exclusive organelle in animal cells that carries out intracellular digestion
Contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting all kinds of macromolecules
Recycles intracellular materials through autophagy

A

Lysosome

30
Q

is where organelles that are damaged are digested into monomers, which will then be reused maintenance, and creation of necessary cellular components.

A

Autophagy

31
Q

Larger in plants than in animal cells
• It enlarges as plant cells absorbs water
• —— helps in storage of water, salts, minerals, pigments, and proteins within the cell.
• It isolates metabolic waste that might be harmful to the cell.
(because there’s no lysosome in plants)
• It maintains turgor pressure.

A

Vacuole

32
Q

responsible for the formation of the spindle apparatus during the cell division (animal cells)

A

Centrosome

33
Q

network of protein fibers that establishes the form of the cell and holds organelles in place, and provides mechanical support.

A

Cytoskeleton

34
Q

Cytoskeleton is composed of

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

35
Q

Only found in plant cells and other photosynthetic eukaryotic cells
• The site of food production
• Captures light then converts it to organic compounds like sugar

A

Chloroplasts

36
Q

the microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant cells and allow transport and communication between the adiacent cells
• They connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells causing an exchange of materials and communication between the cells.

A

Plasmodesmata

37
Q

ARE SLENDER PROTUBERANCES THAT PROJECT FROM THE MUCH LARGER CELL BODY

A

Cilia

38
Q

IS A LASH-LIKE APPENDAGE THAT
PROTRUDES FROM THE CELL BODY

A

Flagella

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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