Cell Biology

Question 1

the zone of life on Earth which comprises the sum total of all the ecosystems.

Answer 1

Biosphere

Question 2

there are about ——— species of organisms that have been identified, but millions more have yet to be discovered.

Answer 2

8.7 million

Question 3

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Answer 3

The cell theory

Question 4

is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

Answer 4

Cell

Question 5

Microscope; “animalcules”

Answer 5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

Coiled the term “cell”

Answer 6

Robert Hooke

Question 7

Botanist; all plants are made up of cell

Answer 7

Matthias Schleiden

Question 8

Zoologist; all animals are made up of cell

Answer 8

Theodor Schwann

Question 9

Cells come from pre-existing cell

Answer 9

Rudolf Virchow

Question 10

• Lacks nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
carry small, circular DNA molecules called
“plasmids”
• DNA is found in unbound region called
“nucleoid”
• Mostly are small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure

Answer 10

Prokaryotic cells

Question 11

Two distinct groups of prokaryotic cells

Answer 11

Bacteria and archaea

Question 12

Has true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Answer 12

Eukaryotic cells

Question 13

• contains a single, linear DNA, which carries all the genetic information Usually large and complex organisms
• Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

Answer 13

Nucleus

Question 14

Membranous compartments called “little organs” or
“————”
Production of proteins
• Storage of important materials
• Harvesting of energy
• Repairing of cell parts
• Digestion of substances
• Maintenance of the shape and structure of the cell
• One organelle does not interfere with the functions of the other systems, but their roles are interdependent.

Answer 14

Cell organelle

Question 15

A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids
Also called “cell membrane”

Separates cell from external environment;

Answer 15

Plasma membrane

Question 16

an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
• Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have ———
Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
• made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

Answer 16

Cell wall

Question 17

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

is the liquid medium contained within a cell. The ——— is a component of the cytoplasm.

Answer 18

Cytosol

Question 19

The control center of the cell that contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

Answer 19

Nucleus

Question 20

These pores regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 20

Nuclear pores

Question 21

-where ribosomes are assembled
-Darkened area within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized.

Answer 21

Nucleolus

Question 22

intercellular structure made of both
RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
“protein builders” or the “protein svnthesizers” of the cell
They are produced in nucleolus

Answer 22

Ribosomes

Question 23

“the transport system” of the cell
- Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

Answer 23

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

appears grainy in structure due to presence of ribosomes
• For production of proteins, membranes for the cell, and forms transport vesicles important in the transit of products

Answer 24

Rough ER

Question 25

lacks ribosomes • It is for metabolic processes (metabolism of carbs, lipid synthesis, and detoxification of drugs, chemicals, and poisons)

Answer 25

Smoothie ER

Question 26

Golgi complex / Golgi bodies Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898) Consists of stacks or piles of flattened sacs called cisternae • For the packaging, sorting, and refining of the products that the cells are making • Modifier of ER products

Answer 26

Golgi apparatus

Question 27

"the powerhouse of the cell" where cellular respiration takes place • The matrix contains different enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes. These enzymes catalyze the process of cellular respiration. • They have their own DNA which provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 27

Mitochondrion

Question 28

protect cells by isolating and breaking down harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. • These collect and safely break down chemicals that are toxic to the cell. - Oxidizes and thus breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons.

Answer 28

Peroxisome

Question 29

An exclusive organelle in animal cells that carries out intracellular digestion Contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting all kinds of macromolecules Recycles intracellular materials through autophagy

Answer 29

Lysosome

Question 30

is where organelles that are damaged are digested into monomers, which will then be reused maintenance, and creation of necessary cellular components.

Answer 30

Autophagy

Question 31

Larger in plants than in animal cells • It enlarges as plant cells absorbs water • —— helps in storage of water, salts, minerals, pigments, and proteins within the cell. • It isolates metabolic waste that might be harmful to the cell. (because there's no lysosome in plants) • It maintains turgor pressure.

Answer 31

Vacuole

Question 32

responsible for the formation of the spindle apparatus during the cell division (animal cells)

Answer 32

Centrosome

Question 33

network of protein fibers that establishes the form of the cell and holds organelles in place, and provides mechanical support.

Answer 33

Cytoskeleton

Question 34

Cytoskeleton is composed of

Answer 34

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 35

Only found in plant cells and other photosynthetic eukaryotic cells • The site of food production • Captures light then converts it to organic compounds like sugar

Answer 35

Chloroplasts

Question 36

the microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant cells and allow transport and communication between the adiacent cells • They connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells causing an exchange of materials and communication between the cells.

Answer 36

Plasmodesmata

Question 37

ARE SLENDER PROTUBERANCES THAT PROJECT FROM THE MUCH LARGER CELL BODY

Answer 37

Cilia

Question 38

IS A LASH-LIKE APPENDAGE THAT PROTRUDES FROM THE CELL BODY

Answer 38

Flagella