Cell Composition and the Chemistry of Cells

Question 1

What is an organic molecule?

Answer 1

• Typically, large molecules constructed from smaller subunits called monomers
• Cells are made of complex organic molecules made from
  
  1. Carbon-hydrogen backbones bonded to
  2. Functional groups, which have the ability to react with other functional groups when in water. This activity gives life

Question 2

Distinguish different organic compounds

amino, carbonyl/xyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl, phospholipid, f.a

Answer 2

amino - NH2
carbonyl - C=O
carboxyl - COOH
hydroxyl - OH
phosphate - PO4-
sulfhydryl - SH
phospholipid - CH3
fatty acid - CH2

Question 3

Characterize the macromolecules.

Answer 3

Carbohydrates (cell wall, plasma membrane)
- Provide energy to make ATP
- ID specialized cells
- Give structure to cell walls (many –OH and one carbonyl)

Lipids (plasma membrane)
- Form the plasma membrane
- Store energy

Proteins (nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, ER, mitochondrion)
- Work horse of the cell having 7 different functions

Nucleic acids (nucleus, ribosomes)
- Information molecules (ATP, DNA and RNA)

Question 4

Name the subunits or monomers in macromolecules.

Answer 4

• Carbohydrates
  o Polymer: polysaccharide/starch
  o Monomer: monosaccharide
• Lipids
  o Polymer: DNA strand
  o Monomer: nucleotide, phospholipids, steroids
• Proteins
  o Polymer: polypeptide
  o Monomer: amino acid
• Nucleic acids
  o Polymer: triglyceride
  o Monomer: glycerol/fatty acid

Question 5

Recognize monomers

Answer 5

https://www.notion.so/BIOLOGY-I-69b8a75ee69a4b06ac50121511ef7169?pvs=4#57033ebfe62543e6a9b8546df95c2b14

Question 6

Define hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

Answer 6

1. Dehydration synthesis – making molecules
2. Hydrolysis – breaking molecules (addition of water)

Question 7

What are the seven functions of proteins?

Answer 7

1. Enzyme catalysis – speed rxns
2. Defense – antibodies
3. Transport – hemoglobin moves oxygen transport proteins in pm
4. Support – cytoskeleton shapes cells
5. Motion – myosin protein moves muscle
6. Regulation – hormones regulate body
7. Storage – Ca2+ stored by casein in milk Fe+ in ferritin in spleen