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Radiation Biology > Cell Composition And Division - Week 2 > Flashcards

Cell Composition And Division - Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

1/2 of chromosome

A

Chromatid

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2
Q

Center where chromatid connect to eachother to form chromosomes

A

Centromere

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3
Q

The chemical building material for all icing things; cells are made of

A

Protoplasm

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4
Q

-complex process of metabolism
-reception and processing of food and oxygen
-elimination of waste products
Consists of:
Organic compounds and inorganic materials

A

Protoplasm

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5
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds?

A

-proteins
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-nucleic acid

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6
Q

What is the basis of all organic matter?

A

Carbon

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7
Q

Essential for growth, creating new tissue, repairing injured/damaged tissue
Very large molecules made up of amino acids (determines precise function)

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Make up 15% of cell content

A

Proteins

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9
Q

Also called saccharides

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

Include starch and sugar, range from simple to complex

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

Make up 1% of cell content

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What is the primary energy source of the cell?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Structural part of cell membrane; make up 2% of cell content

A

Lipids

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14
Q

Substances such as fats, fatty acids, oil, wax (dissolve in alcohol but not water)
Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

Lipids

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15
Q

What are some examples of functions lipids perform for the body?

A

-reservoirs for long term storage of energy
-insulate and guard body against environment
-support and protect organs such as eyes and kidneys
-provide essential substances necessary for growth and development
-lubricate joints
-assist in digestive processes

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16
Q

Comprise 1% of cell content
Contain hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

A

Nucleic acid

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17
Q

What two types of nucleic acid do cells contain?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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18
Q

Double stranded

A

DNA

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19
Q

Single strand

A

RNA

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20
Q

Contains instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce

A

DNA

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21
Q

What is each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein known as?

A

Gene

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22
Q

T/F
Protein characteristics determine cell characteristics which determine an individuals traits

A

True

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23
Q

A macromolecule composed of two long SUGAR-PHOSPHATE CHAINS, twisted around eachother in double helix configuration
Chains are linked by pairs of NITROGENOUS ORGANIC BASES army the sugar molecules of the chain. Forms tightly coiled structure (spiral staircase)

A

DNA

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24
Q

Adenine, Guanine

A

Purines

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25
Q

Cytosine, Thymine

A

Pyrimidines

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26
Q

What does Adenine always bond with?

A

Thymine

A & T

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27
Q

What does Guanine always bond with?

A

Cytosine

G & C

28
Q

P
In DNA

29
Q

S
In DNA

A

Sugar (deoxyribose)

30
Q

H
In DNA

A

Hydrogen bond

31
Q

-begins when enzymes pull apart the double helix
-base pairs detach and are exposed on opposing phosphate strands
-exposed nitrogenous bases attract complementary bases
-deoxyribose molecules and phosphate groups are brought into the molecule

A

DNA synthesis

32
Q

What nitrogenous base is in RNA but not in DNA?

33
Q

What nitrogenous base is in DNA but not RNA?

34
Q

What sugar is in DNA but not RNA?

A

Deoxyribose

35
Q

What sugar is in RNA but not DNA?

36
Q

Single stranded nucleotide that has uracil instead of thymine

37
Q

Produced from DNA in the cells nucleus but functions in the cells cytoplasm

38
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

39
Q

Directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids

A

Messenger RNA
mRNA

40
Q

Combined with individual amino acids and attaches them to ribosomes where the amino acid in specific order make up a protein

A

Transfer RNA
tRNA

41
Q

Assists in liking mRNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA
rRNA

42
Q

Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells, identical to the parent cell
Undergo the process of mitosis

A

Somatic cells

43
Q

Cell division that results in 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell
Undergo the process of meiosis

A

Genetic (germ) cells

44
Q

What are the two major periods of cell division

A

Interphase
Mitosis

45
Q

What is the actual division of the cell called?

A

Cytokinesis

46
Q

What are the 4 distinct phases of cellular life cycle?

A

G1 - pre DNA synthesis phase
S - synthesis phase
G2 - post DNA synthesis phase
M - mitosis phase (4 parts)
(Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

47
Q

Cells are not yet undergoing division
Period of growth that occurs before actual mitosis and consists of the other 3 phases of cellular life cycle (G1, S, G2)

A

Interphase

48
Q

The earliest phase of cellular division
“Pre-synthesis phase”
A form of RNA is synthesized in the cell and needed before DNA synthesis can begin

A

G1 phase
*forms RNA

49
Q

Actual DNA synthesis period
DNA molecule replicates itself then divides into two sister components (chromatids) then joint to form a chromosome by end of this phase

A

S phase
*DNA synthesis phase

50
Q

Post DNA synthesis phase
Cells manufacture proteins and RNA needed to enter and complete next phase (mitosis)

A

G2 phase
*preparing for mitosis

51
Q

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

A

Mitosis
*PMAT

52
Q

First phase of cell division
DNA begins to take structural form
Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell and begin to regulate the mitotic spindle

53
Q

Mitotic spindle forms between the centrioles
Chromosomes line up in the center (equator) and are attached to the mitotic spindle by the centromere

A

Metaphase
*chromosomes line up in middle
M=middle

54
Q

What stage of mitosis can chromosome damage caused by radiation be evaluated?

55
Q

Duplicated centromeres migrate in opposite directions along mitotic spindle, carrying the chromatids to opposite sides of the cell
Causes cell to elongate into an oval shape

56
Q

Chromatids uncoil and become loosely spiraled threads
Nucleus membrane reforms and two nuclei appear ( one for each daughter cell)
Cytoplasm also divides

A

Telophase
*after cell division is complete, each daughter cell has a complete cell membrane and contains the same amount of genetic material as the parent cell
(46 chromosomes)

57
Q

A process of reduction division
Cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half that of the parent cell
(Male and female germ cells so when 2 units the result is an organism with only 46 chromosomes)

58
Q

Begins with a doubling of the amount of genetic material (replication, occurs during interphase)

59
Q

T/F
The various phases of meiosis are like those of mitosis (PMAT)

60
Q

What is the biggest difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Occurs at the end of telophase
*after the parent cell has formed 2 daughter cells, the daughter cells divide without DNA replication
*these 2 successive division result in 4 granddaughter cells (each containing 23 chromosomes)

61
Q

During meiosis, sister chromatids exchange some chromosomal material ( genes)

A

Process called crossover
*results in changes in genetic composition and traits can be passed onto future generations

62
Q

How many functional sperm does meiosis produce?

63
Q

How many functional ovaries does meiosis produce?

64
Q

Monozygotic twins
Occurs when a fertilized egg splits thus resulting in development of two offspring

A

Identical twins
*both zygotes contain exact replicas of the genetic material

65
Q

Dizygotic twins or polyzygotic twins
Occurs when multiple eggs are fertilized by separate sperms

A

Fraternal twins
*genetic material is divided before fertilization therefore genetically different offspring results

Radiation Biology (5 decks)

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