Cell Anatomy - Week 1 Flashcards
Gel like internal substance of cells that includes many organelles suspended in watery intercellular fluid called cytosol
Cytoplasm
What are the primary tasks of the cytoplasm?
-Anabolism
-Catabolism
-Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation
-Eliminates waste products
Takes raw material to assemble new substances
Anabolism
Breaks down organic materials to produce energy
Catabolism
What are the 2 major groups of organelles?
-Membranous organelles (sacs or canals made of cell membrane)
-Nonmembranous organelles (made of microscopic filaments or other nonmembranous materials)
Outer boundary of cell
- controls what moves in and out of the cell by means of proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Plasma membrane
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
To maintain boundaries and allow for movement/transport
Spherical body in the center of the cell enclosed by and envelope with many pores
Nucleus
Sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane
Membranous organelles
Elaborate gateways in and out of the nucleus
Nuclear pores (nuclear envelope)
Contains DNA (hereditary molecules)
Functions of DNA molecules; DNA determines the structure and function of cells as well as hereditary
Nucleus
Made of membranous, walled canals and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout the cytoplasm; extend from the plasma membrane to the nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfer food and molecules from one part of the cell to another
Endoplasmic reticulum
Responsible for synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Responsible for protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Presence of tiny ribosomes dotting the surface of the
RER
More tubular in shape, no ribosomes on surface
SER
T/F
Endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
True
Consists of cisternae stacked on one another
Located near the nucleus
Processes protein molecules from the ER
Golgi apparatus
Tiny membranous bags; temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use
Vesicles
Made of microscopic membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus
The cells own digestive system; enzymes digest the protein structures from defective cell parts
Lysosomes
Similar to lysosomes but contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances that enter the cells
Peroxisomes
Where are peroxisomes often seen abundantly?
Kidney and liver cells
The powerhouse of the cell
Catalyze series of oxidization reactions that provide most of a cells energy supply
Mitochondria
T/F
Each mitochondrion has a DNA molecule, which allows it to produce its own enzymes and replicate copies of itself
True
Many are attached to RER and many lie free scattered throughout cytoplasm
Is the site of protein synthesis (protein factories)
Ribosomes
Breaks down abnormal or misfiled proteins and normal proteins no longer needed by the cell
Proteasomes
What breaks proteins down into peptides?
Proteasomes
*peptides are then broken down into amino acids which are recycled by the cell
Network of interconnecting flexible filaments, stuff tubules and molecular motors within the cell
Functions in cell movement and forms cell extensions
Cytoskeleton (supporting framework)
Thin, twisted strand of protein molecules found in the slcytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Thicker, twisted protein strands found in the cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments
Hollow fibres that consist of a spiral arrangement of protein subunits found in the cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Region of cytoskeleton that includes two cylindrical groupings of microtubules
Coordinates the building and breaking apart of microtubules in the cell
Centrosome
Projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes
Microvilli, cilia, flagella
Tiny, fingerlike extensions that increase a cells absorptive surface area; supported internally by microfilaments
Microvilli
Where might Microvilli be found?
Small bowl; increased absorption is needed
Moderate hairlike extension of plasma membrane; move substances over the cell surface or detect changes outside the cell; supported internally by cylindrical formation of microtubules
Cilia
Where might cilia be seen?
Respiratory system
Long hairlike extension of plasma membrane; propel sperm cells
Flagella
Dense area of chromatic, proteins, RNA, DNA within nucleus
Synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with protein to form the subunits that will later combine to form ribosomes
Nucleolus
