Cell Communication (Chapter 11)

Question 1

Signal transduction pathway

Answer 1

series of steps by which signal on cell’s surface converted into specific cellular response.
allows bacteria to sense local population density.

Question 2

Local regulators

Answer 2

messenger molecules that travel only short distances

Question 3

Hormones

Answer 3

long-distance signaling.

Question 4

Three stages of cell signaling

Answer 4

Reception, Transduction, response

Question 5

Ligand

Answer 5

Binding between signal molecule and receptor.

Question 6

Most signal receptors

Answer 6

Plasma membrane proteins

Question 7

Tree main types of membrane receptors

Answer 7

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCF), Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), Ion Channel Receptors.

Question 8

GPCR

Answer 8

Plasma membrane receptor that works with help of G protein.

Question 9

G protein

Answer 9

Works as on/off switch

Question 10

Intracellular Receptors

Answer 10

Found in cytosol or nucleus, hydrophobic chemical messengers like steroid and thyroid, turns on specific genes

Question 11

Signal Transduction

Answer 11

involves multiple steps

Question 12

Multistep pathways

Answer 12

amplify signal, provide opportunities for coordination and regulation of cell response.

Question 13

Protein Kinases/ Phosphorylation

Answer 13

transfer phosphates from ATP to protein.

Question 14

Protein phosphatases/ dephosphorylation

Answer 14

remove phosphates from proteins.

Question 15

Second messengers

Answer 15

small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread through by diffusion. Initiated by GPCRs and RTKs

Question 16

Output response

Answer 16

Cell’s response to extra-cellular signal.

Question 17

Apoptosis

Answer 17

programmed or controlled cell suicide, prevents enzymes from leaking out of dying cells and damaging neighboring cells.

Question 18

Caspases

Answer 18

main proteases (enzymes that cut up proteins that carry out apoptosis

Question 19

Apoptosis triggered by (3)

Answer 19

Extracellular death-signaling ligand,
DNA damage in nucleus
Protein misfolding in endoplasmic reticulum