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Cells, Organisms & Systems > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of glial cells

A

hep to support, protect and supply neurone w/ nutrients

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2
Q

What are the different types of glial cells

A
  • astrocyte
  • microglia
  • satellite cells
  • oligodendrocyte
  • schwann cells
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3
Q

Why are neurons considered “excitable cells”

A

neurones can be depolarised and repolirised

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of ion channels

A
  • leak channels
  • ligand-gated channels
  • voltage-gated channels
  • metabotropic channels
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5
Q

What is a leak channel

A

always open channel

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6
Q

How does a ligand-gated channel work

A

molecule binds to receptor on channel and channel opens

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7
Q

How does a voltage-gated channel work

A

It is activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential

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8
Q

How does a metabotropic channel work

A
  1. molecule binds
  2. G-protein is activated
  3. Intracellular messengers modulate ion channels
  4. Ion channels open
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9
Q

Outline the resting potential

A
  • neuron is not firing
  • -70mV
  • sodium-potassium pump
  • 3 Na+ out
  • 2 K+ in
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10
Q

Outline depolarisation

A
  • sodium channels open
  • influx of Na+ ions
  • more positive membrane potential
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11
Q

Outline repolarisation

A
  • potassium channels open
  • efflux of K+ ions
  • more negative membrane potential
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12
Q

What is hyperpolarisation

A

when membrane potential is more negative than resting potential

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13
Q

What is the refractory period

A

before a neuron can fire again, resting potential needs to be restored

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14
Q

What are Nissl stains

A

basic dyes that show negatively charged molecules

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15
Q

What is electrophysiology

A

measures electrical activity of neurons

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16
Q

What is CT

A

combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of inside the body

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17
Q

What is an NMR (MRI)

A

non-invasive imaging technology that produces 3D detailed anatomical images

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18
Q

What is a fMRI

A
  • evaluates blood flow in the brain called the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast technique
  • brain activity can be picked up by the MRI scanner because of tiny chemical changes in the blood
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19
Q

What are graded potentials

A

changes in membrane potential which vary depending on the stimulus

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20
Q

What does agonist mean

A

molecules mimic the action of the internal signal

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21
Q

What does antagonist mean

A

molecules oppose/block the action of the internal signal

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22
Q

What is the advantage of myelination

A

increases the speed of electrical transmission via saltatory conduction

23
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

signal jumps between sections of myelin

24
Q

What are the two different types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

25
Q

What are the features of chemical synapses

A
  • slow transmission
  • one-way transmission
  • nerve impulses are transmitted via neurotransmitters
  • cell-to-cell junction
26
Q

What are the features of electrical synapses

A
  • fast transmission
  • 2-way transmission
  • gap junctions
  • nerve impulses are transmitted via ions
27
Q

What are 3 steps in signal transduction

A
  1. Reception (cell senses change in environment)
  2. Transduction (signal sent through cell)
  3. Response (change in cellular response)
28
Q

What are the 2 types of post-synaptic potential

A

inhibitory and excitatory

29
Q

Outline excitatory post-synaptic potential

A
  • occurs when sodium channels open
  • membrane potential becomes positive
  • depolarisation increases the likelihood a neuron will fire an AP
30
Q

Name an example of molecule that causes EPSP

A

glutamate

31
Q

Outline inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A
  • occurs when chloride channels open
  • membrane potential becomes more negative
  • hyperpolarisation decreases likelihood a neuron will fire an AP
32
Q

Name an example of a molecule that causes IPSP

A

GABA

33
Q

What are the different types of summations

A

spatial and temporal

34
Q

What is a spatial summation

A

when inputs multiple neurons triggers an action potential

35
Q

What is temporal summation

A

Where multiple nerve impulses from a single pre-synaptic neurone occur in succession

36
Q

What is frequency coding

A

The frequency of action potentials is directly related to the intensity of the stimulus

37
Q

What is plasmodesmata

A
  • they are channels that traverse the cell wall
  • allow cell-to-cell transport and communication
38
Q

What are the 3 types of tropisms

A
  • thigmotropism
  • phototropism
  • gravitropism
39
Q

What is thigmotropism

A

the movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to touch

40
Q

What is photropism

A

the movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a reaction to light

41
Q

What is gravitropism

A

the movement or change in orientation of a plant’s growth as a result of gravity

42
Q

Where is auxin redistributed during phototropism and gravitropism

A

gravitropism: lower side of plant
phototropism: dark side of plant

43
Q

What is the effect of auxin in the shoots of plants

A
  • promtes cell elongation
  • dark side of shoot elongates (towards light)
  • lower side of shoot elongates (away from ground)
44
Q

What is the effect of auxin in the roots of plants

A
  • inhibits cell elongation
  • dark side of shoot becomes shorter (away from light)
  • lower side of shoot becomes shorter (towards ground)
45
Q

How does auxin promote cell growth

A
  1. auxin activate proton pump, causing secretion of H+ in cell wall
  2. low pH decreases cellulose fibres within cellulose to loosen
  3. auxin upregulates the expression of expansins, increasing elasticity of cell wall
  4. cell wall more flexible, water goes in and increases cell size
46
Q

What are meristems

A

tissues in a plant that are undifferentiated cells capable of indeterminate growth

47
Q

What are apical meristems

A

they occur at shoot and root tips and are responsible for primary growth (i.e. plant lengthening)

48
Q

What is apical dominance

A

The production of auxins prevents growth in lateral (axillary) buds
- ensures that a plant uses its energy to grow up towards the light to outcompete other plants

49
Q

What is the relationship between auxin and cytokinin

A

more auxin = more roots
more cytokinin = more shoots

50
Q

What is the role of cytokinin

A
  • promotes cytokinesis
  • promotes lateral growth
  • reduces plant’s senescence
51
Q

What is the role of ethylene

A
  • promotes ripening
52
Q

What is the role of gibberellins

A
  • promotes cell elongation in stem
  • promotes seed germination
53
Q

What is the role of abscisic acid

A
  • inhibit stem and root growth during physiological stress
  • seed dormancy

Cells, Organisms & Systems (5 decks)

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