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Cells, Organisms & Systems > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Do bacterias have mitochondria

A

No

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2
Q

What is a Gram staining

A

test that checks for bacterial infection

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3
Q

What does Gram-positive mean

A

bacteria have cell walls containing thick layers of peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What does Gram-negative mean

A

bacteria have cell walls containing thin layers of peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

towards/away from chemical

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6
Q

What is phototaxis

A

towards/away from light

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7
Q

What is hyphae

A

they are cells of fungus and branch to form mycelium

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8
Q

What is septa

A

present in fungi + separates hyphen into compartements

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9
Q

What is a protist

A

eukaryotic organism (not plant, animal or fungi)

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10
Q

What are the 3 different types of symbioses

A
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
  • parasitic
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11
Q

What is mutualism

A

where all species benefit from the interaction

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12
Q

What is commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped

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13
Q

What is parasitic symbiosis

A

parasite benefits while host is harmed

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14
Q

What do all cells have

A
  • cell membrane
  • DNA
  • ribosome
  • cytoplasm
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15
Q

What is the function of lysosome

A

they breakdown cellular wastes with digestive enzymes

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16
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

package and transport proteins or others in vesicles to different parts of the cell

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17
Q

What is the function of ER

A

they are involved in protein synthesis

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18
Q

What is the difference between SR and RER

A

SR: no ribosomes
RER: ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the function of a cytoskeleton

A
  • maintains the cells’ structure and shape
  • assists in transport
  • anchor organelles
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20
Q

What is cytoskeleton made of

A
  • intermediate filaments
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
21
Q

Outline endosymbiosis

A

chloroplast and mitochondria evolved from a eukaryote engulfing a prokaryotic cell

22
Q

What is the evidence of endosymbiosis

A
  • double membrane
  • has its own DNA
  • divide by binary fission
  • has 70s ribosomes
23
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

centre of genetic material

24
Q

What is the perinucleolus

A

space between 2 nuclear membrane

25
Q

What is chromatin made of

A

DNA and histones

26
Q

How can prokaryotes divide/reproduce

A
  • binary fission (aesexual reproduction)
  • budding
  • fragmentation
27
Q

What is VERTICAL gene transfer

A

transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring (generation to generation)

28
Q

What is HORIZONTAL gene transfer

A

transfer of genetic material between unrelated organisms

29
Q

What are the different types of horizontal gene transfer

A
  • transformation
  • conjuction
  • transduction
  • transposition
30
Q

What is transformation (bacteria)

A

the uptake of free genetic material from the environment by bacteria

31
Q

What is conjugation (bacteria)

A

bacteria transfer genetic material to other bacteria via direct contact

32
Q

What is the name of the donor and recipient in conjugation (bacteria)

A
  • donar: F+
  • recipient: F-
33
Q

What is transduction (bacteria)

A

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another by a virus

34
Q

What is transposition

A

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another via copying and inserting process

35
Q

What happens during G1

A

cellular contents duplicate

36
Q

What happens during S phase

A

DNA is replicated

37
Q

What happens during G2 phase

A

check for any errors + do repairs

38
Q

What is the function of CDKs

A

they control the cell cycle + ensure DNA has been replicated

39
Q

What are mitogens

A

they are growth factors that stimulate cells to enter S phase

40
Q

What is apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • reduce number of cells
41
Q

What are features of microfilaments

A
  • smallest of them all
  • involved in cell division: forms ring of actin filaments so that cell pinches into 2 new cells
  • allows cell to change shape
  • involved in muscle contraction
42
Q

What are features of microtubules

A
  • thickest of them all
  • made up of alpha and beta tubulins
  • involved in cell division – centrosomes are made up of microtubules
  • form the base of flagella + cilia
43
Q

What are features of intermediate filaments

A
  • involved in cell-to-cell junction
  • nuclear envelope is supported by a meshwork of intermediate filaments
  • anchor cells to extracellularmatrix
44
Q

What is fragmentation in bacteria

A

A type of asexual reproduction where an organism upon maturation breaks down into fragments and each fragment grows into a new organism

45
Q

What are the problems of C3 photosynthesis

A
  • loss of carbon dioxide
  • loss of water
46
Q

What is the purpose of the adpatations in CAM and C4 plants

A
  • limit water loss
  • limit photorespiration
47
Q

What are adpatation in CAM plants

A

They open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide when temperatures are lower and humidity is higher

48
Q

What are adapatations of C4 plants

A

A four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate) is formed in mesophyll cells and transported to bundle sheath cells, where it releases carbon dioxide for use in the Calvin cycle

49
Q
A

Cells, Organisms & Systems (5 decks)

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