cell biologychapter 2 Flashcards
how many bonds to oxygen, nitrogen and carbon typically make
2,3,4
A double bond between two atom prevents
rotation around this bond
weak noncovalant bonds allow for
surface interactions of molecules
Biomolecules containing polar and ionic bonds often tend to be_____ while those containing non-polar bonds tend to be hydrophobic.
hydrophilic
amphipathic.
A single molecule can contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains
Molecules that _____ protons to water to form H3O+ are ___
donate, acids
Molecules that ____ H + ions from water (solution) are ___
remove, bases
protonation means
donation of protons to the compound.
phosphates typically interact well with
water and charged protein surfaces
phosphates are —- ——-
polar and charged
when phosphate and carboxyl group is _____ it releases _____
hydrolyzed, large amount of energy
what are 3 common chemica groups for proteins and nucleic acids
amnines, alcohol, carboxylic acid groups
Reactions that build polymers from monomers and liberate water in the process are known as:
condensation reactions
what is a product od a condensation reaction
OH + H ->water
what polymers are created through condensation reactions
polysaccharide, proteins, and nucleic acids
two monosaccarides creaate _____ by _____
a disaccharide (a polymer) by condensation
Sugars can exist in
___________different which may be recognized _____
stereoisomers, differently.
the polymer backbone of a sugar can be _____
branched
what are some exaples of dissaccarides
maltose, lactose, sucrose
oligosaccharides are
short chains or repeating units or sugar
fatty acids are _______
amphipathic
lipds are important to ______ and ______
membranes and steroid hormones
______ are the main constituent of membranes _______ and ______ are also found in
membranes
Phospholipids Polyisopreniods
and glycolipids
whats makes up a phospholipid head and tail
head- polar group, phosphate, glycerol
tail hydrophobic fatty acid
Proteins = amino acids _____ in a series of _________ reactions.
polymerized, condensation
A peptide chain, like each amino acid has an _______ end and a _______ end
NH2 (amino) end and a COOH (carboxyl) end
by ultracentrifugation hemoglobin protein sediments in a
single band
what is the main differance between a protein and a peptide
proteins are longer and have N terninus to the left , peptides are much shorter
peptide bonds are made by __________ reactions
condensation
peptide bonds for a _______ plantar unit
ridgid (there is no rotation around a C-N bond
what are Four general types of amino acids?
acidic, basic, uncharged polar and non-polar
Acidic and basic amino acids can make ____ bonds and interact strongly with ____
ionic, water
Uncharged polar are often sites of ___________
modification,by
kinases and phosphatases
typically the R groups of acidic are ______ and bases are
negative , positive
the ___ group is ____ on uncharged polar chains in amino acids
OH ,polar
non polar side chains in amino acids can form
disulfide bonds, which help determine the stucture of protein
what makes up a neucleotide
a nitrogen base , a five carbon sugar, at least one phosphate group
that ATP and
GTP serve to
regulate many _________ &__________
protein activities and
Interactions in cells
what are 3 functions that nucleotide have
- carry energy in thier hydrolized bonds
- combine w/ other groups to form co-enzymes
- used as signalling molecues
