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Pathology Exam 1 > Cell Biology Review > Flashcards

Cell Biology Review Flashcards

1
Q

is transcription considered the “same language or different language”

A

same language
nucleic acid (DNA) –> nucleic acid (mRNA)

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2
Q

is translation considered the “same language or different language”

A

different language
nucleic acid (mRNA) –> protein (amino acid)

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3
Q

RNA contains which bases

A

A, C, G, U
(no T)

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4
Q

three main types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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5
Q

what is mRNA also termed

A

the sense strand

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6
Q

what is a codon

A

triplets of nucleotides in the mRNA

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7
Q

which RNA is the anticodon

A

tRNA

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8
Q

which nucleotides are in DNA

A

C, G, A, T
(no U)

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9
Q

what is DNA wrapped around in chromosomes

A

histone proteins

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10
Q

is heterochromatin dense or disperse and active or inactive

A

dense and inactive

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11
Q

is euchromatin dense or disperse and active or inactive

A

disperse and active

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12
Q

what are enhancers are silencers

A

regulatory DNA segments upstream of the promoter or downstream of the gene

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13
Q

what are activators and repressors

A

transcription factors (proteins) that bind to enhancers or silencers

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14
Q

what is the promoter

A

region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene

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15
Q

UTR stands for

A

untranslated region

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16
Q

what does 5’ cap do

A

protects the nascent mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding

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17
Q

what does 5’ UTR do

A

aka leader sequence
helps in regulation of translation

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18
Q

are introns or exons spliced out

A

introns spliced out

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19
Q

are introns or exons variably retained (alternative splicing) allowing for multiple proteins to be made from the same gene

A

exons

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20
Q

what does 3’ UTR do

A

determines termination and regulation of translation

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21
Q

what does poly A tail do

A

prevents degradation of the mRNA. can also influence localization of the transcript and translation

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22
Q

is the vast majority of DNA considered coding or noncoding DNA

A

noncoding DNA

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23
Q

what does noncoding DNA do

A

used to regulate transcription

24
Q

what do micro-RNAs (miRNAs) lead most often to

A

post-translational silencing of genes

25
Q

what are small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and what are they useful for

A

dsRNA designed to interefere with translation of a specific mRNA
useful in research to decrease gene expression

26
Q

T/F long noncoding RNA (lnRNA) has only one way of modifying gene expression

A

F. has multiple ways of modifying gene expression

27
Q

lnRNAs also play a pivotal role in processes involved with what

A

progression of the disease

28
Q

SNP stands for

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

29
Q

T/F SNP occur across the whole genome

A

T

30
Q

what is copy number variation

A

1000-millions of base pairs of repeated segments of DNA
Responsible for a significant portion of variation between people

31
Q

CRISPR stands for

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

32
Q

what does proteasome do

A

degrades denatured or other cytosolic proteins that are “tagged” (with ubiquitin) for destruction

33
Q

what does lysosome do

A

digests (acid hydrolases) many macromolecules (protein, lipid, NA) damaged organelles and microbes

34
Q

what does peroxisome do

A

breaks down long fatty acids to make H2O2
catalase breaks down H2O2 to water

35
Q

which organelle has central role in apoptosis

A

mitochondria

36
Q

how is mitochondrial DNA inherited

A

entirely from mother

37
Q

what are channel proteins

A

hydrophilic pores for rapid solute movement (passive transport)

38
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

bind solute –> cause conformational change –> transfers solute across
active transport requires ATP

39
Q

what can transport through passive diffusion

A

O2, CO2, small polar molecules (H2O, urea), hydrophobic molecules

40
Q

t/f cell membrane is permeable to charged ions

A

F. impermeable to charged ions

41
Q

what are actin microfilaments for

A

G-actin (most abundant cytosolic protein) and F-actin combine into fibrils that control CELL SHAPE AND MOVEMENT

42
Q

what are intermediate filaments for

A

fibrils giving TENSILE STRENGTH

43
Q

what are microtubules for

A

large fibrils allow movements of vesicles and organelles around cell

44
Q

what are occluding/tight junctions for

A
  • seals cells together as a barrier to prevent movement of molecules between cells
  • maintains cell polarity
45
Q

what are anchoring junctions for (desmosomes)

A
  • mechanically attach cells and their cytoskeletons to either other cells or to the ECM
  • distributes force through multiple cells and can influence cell shape and motility
46
Q

what are communicating/gap junctions for

A

mediate passage of chemical or electrical signals between cells through pores made of connexin proteins

47
Q

what are the three adhesive glycoproteins

A

fibronectin, laminin, and integrins

48
Q

what do collagen and elastin (fibrous structural proteins) do for the ECM

A

give tensile strength and recoil

49
Q

what do proteoglycans and hyaluronan (water-hydrated gels) do for the ECM

A

provide resilience, compressibility and lubrication

50
Q

what does fibronectin do

A

binds ECM components to each other and to cells. in plasma, binds to fibrin within a blood clot

51
Q

what does laminin do

A

attaches cells to basement membrane and can alter growth and mobility

52
Q

what does integrin do

A

transmembrane glycoproteins - cellular receptors for ECM components

53
Q

paracine signaling does what

A

affects adjacent cells

54
Q

autocrine signaling does what

A

cell signaling itself

55
Q

synaptic signaling is used by

A

neurons

56
Q

endocrine signaling does what

A

hormones released into bloodstream to act on distant target cell

57
Q
A

Pathology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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