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Pathology Exam 1 > Cell Biology Review > Flashcards

Cell Biology Review Flashcards

1
Q

is transcription considered the “same language or different language”

A

same language
nucleic acid (DNA) –> nucleic acid (mRNA)

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2
Q

is translation considered the “same language or different language”

A

different language
nucleic acid (mRNA) –> protein (amino acid)

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3
Q

RNA contains which bases

A

A, C, G, U
(no T)

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4
Q

three main types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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5
Q

what is mRNA also termed

A

the sense strand

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6
Q

what is a codon

A

triplets of nucleotides in the mRNA

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7
Q

which RNA is the anticodon

A

tRNA

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8
Q

which nucleotides are in DNA

A

C, G, A, T
(no U)

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9
Q

what is DNA wrapped around in chromosomes

A

histone proteins

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10
Q

is heterochromatin dense or disperse and active or inactive

A

dense and inactive

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11
Q

is euchromatin dense or disperse and active or inactive

A

disperse and active

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12
Q

what are enhancers are silencers

A

regulatory DNA segments upstream of the promoter or downstream of the gene

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13
Q

what are activators and repressors

A

transcription factors (proteins) that bind to enhancers or silencers

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14
Q

what is the promoter

A

region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene

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15
Q

UTR stands for

A

untranslated region

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16
Q

what does 5’ cap do

A

protects the nascent mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding

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17
Q

what does 5’ UTR do

A

aka leader sequence
helps in regulation of translation

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18
Q

are introns or exons spliced out

A

introns spliced out

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19
Q

are introns or exons variably retained (alternative splicing) allowing for multiple proteins to be made from the same gene

A

exons

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20
Q

what does 3’ UTR do

A

determines termination and regulation of translation

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21
Q

what does poly A tail do

A

prevents degradation of the mRNA. can also influence localization of the transcript and translation

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22
Q

is the vast majority of DNA considered coding or noncoding DNA

A

noncoding DNA

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23
Q

what does noncoding DNA do

A

used to regulate transcription

24
Q

what do micro-RNAs (miRNAs) lead most often to

A

post-translational silencing of genes

25
what are small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and what are they useful for
dsRNA designed to interefere with translation of a specific mRNA useful in research to decrease gene expression
26
T/F long noncoding RNA (lnRNA) has only one way of modifying gene expression
F. has multiple ways of modifying gene expression
27
lnRNAs also play a pivotal role in processes involved with what
progression of the disease
28
SNP stands for
single nucleotide polymorphism
29
T/F SNP occur across the whole genome
T
30
what is copy number variation
1000-millions of base pairs of repeated segments of DNA Responsible for a significant portion of variation between people
31
CRISPR stands for
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
32
what does proteasome do
degrades denatured or other cytosolic proteins that are "tagged" (with ubiquitin) for destruction
33
what does lysosome do
digests (acid hydrolases) many macromolecules (protein, lipid, NA) damaged organelles and microbes
34
what does peroxisome do
breaks down long fatty acids to make H2O2 catalase breaks down H2O2 to water
35
which organelle has central role in apoptosis
mitochondria
36
how is mitochondrial DNA inherited
entirely from mother
37
what are channel proteins
hydrophilic pores for rapid solute movement (passive transport)
38
what are carrier proteins
bind solute --> cause conformational change --> transfers solute across active transport requires ATP
39
what can transport through passive diffusion
O2, CO2, small polar molecules (H2O, urea), hydrophobic molecules
40
t/f cell membrane is permeable to charged ions
F. impermeable to charged ions
41
what are actin microfilaments for
G-actin (most abundant cytosolic protein) and F-actin combine into fibrils that control CELL SHAPE AND MOVEMENT
42
what are intermediate filaments for
fibrils giving TENSILE STRENGTH
43
what are microtubules for
large fibrils allow movements of vesicles and organelles around cell
44
what are occluding/tight junctions for
- seals cells together as a barrier to prevent movement of molecules between cells - maintains cell polarity
45
what are anchoring junctions for (desmosomes)
- mechanically attach cells and their cytoskeletons to either other cells or to the ECM - distributes force through multiple cells and can influence cell shape and motility
46
what are communicating/gap junctions for
mediate passage of chemical or electrical signals between cells through pores made of connexin proteins
47
what are the three adhesive glycoproteins
fibronectin, laminin, and integrins
48
what do collagen and elastin (fibrous structural proteins) do for the ECM
give tensile strength and recoil
49
what do proteoglycans and hyaluronan (water-hydrated gels) do for the ECM
provide resilience, compressibility and lubrication
50
what does fibronectin do
binds ECM components to each other and to cells. in plasma, binds to fibrin within a blood clot
51
what does laminin do
attaches cells to basement membrane and can alter growth and mobility
52
what does integrin do
transmembrane glycoproteins - cellular receptors for ECM components
53
paracine signaling does what
affects adjacent cells
54
autocrine signaling does what
cell signaling itself
55
synaptic signaling is used by
neurons
56
endocrine signaling does what
hormones released into bloodstream to act on distant target cell
57

Pathology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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