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Integrated Medical Sciences > Cell Biology part 1 > Flashcards

Cell Biology part 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the non living levels of organisation?

A

1 Atom
2 Molecule
3 Organelles
4 Viruses

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2
Q

What are the living levels of organisation?

A 
1 Cell
2 Tissue
3 Organ
4 Organ systems 
5 Organism
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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke do in 1665?

A

He used a microscope to look at a slice of cork. (dead plant cell walls)
- He saw was small boxes

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4
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do in 1674?

A

He was first to view a living thing. Using a handheld microscope to look at pond water and teeth scrapings.

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5
Q

What did Matthias Schleiden conclude in 1838?

A

That all plants were made of cells.

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6
Q

What did Theodore Schwann conclude in 1839?

A

That all animals were made of cells.

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7
Q

Who are the cofounders of the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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8
Q

Who discovered cell division in 1855?

A

Rudolph Virchow

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9
Q

Name the three principles of cell theory

A
  • all living things are made of cells
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • cells come from reproduction of existing cells
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10
Q

Name the 3 microscopy techniques

A

Optical/light
Scanning probe
Electron

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11
Q

Briefly describe how optical microscopy works

A

light is passed through a specimen and focused via a glass lense.

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12
Q

Briefly describe how electron microscopy works

A

electrons passed through a dead specimen focused by a magnetic lense.

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13
Q

What is confocal microscopy?

A

A type of optical microscopy using a laser beam across a transparent specimen.
- allows 3D image on computer

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14
Q

What is magnification?

A

the increase in object size.

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15
Q

What is resolution?

A

how well two close objects are shown as separate.

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16
Q

What are the sizes of cells?

A

range from 1 mm to 1 micrometre

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17
Q

What makes a prokaryotic cell differ from eukaryotic?

A

They don’t have a nucleus and have much smaller and simpler structures.

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18
Q

Name the two domains for prokaryotic cells

A
  • Bacteria

- Archaea

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19
Q

What is the width and length of bacteria?

A

around 1 - 1.5 micrometres wide and 2 - 6 micrometres long

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20
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Spherical coccus
  • Rod - shaped bacillus
  • spiral sprillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible)
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21
Q

What is in bacterias cell envelope?

A 
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx 
Flagella 
Ribsomes 
Nucleoid
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22
Q

What is bacterias plasma membrane for?

A
  • has lipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral protein

- forms mesosomes (internal pouches)

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23
Q

What is the function of cell wall of bacteria?

A

maintain cell shape.

Bonus: strengthened by peptidoglycan

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24
Q

What is glycocalyx in bacteria?

A

layer of polysaccharides outside of the cell wall.

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25
Q

What is the flagella?

A

Taillike structure for movement

26
Q

What are ribosomes for in bacteria?

A

used for translation from RNA to protein.

27
Q

What is the function of the nucleoid in bacteria?

A

Holds genetic material in a circular structure.

28
Q

Name the 4 domain Eukarya

A
  • protists
  • fungi
  • plants
  • animals
29
Q

Name components of eukaryotic cells.

A
  • Nucleus
  • special organelles
  • plasma membrane
  • (for plant cells and some others, cell wall)
30
Q

Name the two organelle classes and what they do

A

Endomembrane system - communicate with each other via vesicles and channels

Energy-related - independent

31
Q

What are the key features of our cell membrane?

A

Has phospholipid bilayer with protein as channels ,markers and receptors.
- also has cholesterol for rigidity.

32
Q

What are the key nucleus features?

A

sphere that has another sphere called nucleolus.

stored DNA &manages cell function

33
Q

Describe the plant cell wall

A

rigid, made of cellulose, carbs and protein. its a boundary around plant cell membrane providing structure and support.

34
Q

What is cytoplasm and its function?

A

fluid inside cell membrane containing salts, minerals and organic molecules.

surrounds organelles.

35
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A

thin fibrous elements made of microtubules (hollow tubes) and microfilaments (threads made out of actin).

36
Q

What is the Cytoskeletons function?

A

acts as support for organelles and maintains cells shape.

37
Q

What are ribosomes structure and function?

A

made up of 2 subunits made of protein and RNA.

location of protein synthesis.

38
Q

Describe what the Endoplasmic Reticulum is.

A

a system of membranous tubules and sacs. and a pathway for molecules to move from one part of the cell to another.

39
Q

What are the two types of ER and the main difference?

A

Smooth (not covered in ribosomes) and rough (covered in ribosomes)

40
Q

Describe the function of the rough ER

A

It has cells that make lots of protein to be taken from the cell or put into the cell membrane.

41
Q

Describe the function of the smooth ER

A

It involved in the synthesis of lipids and breakdown of toxic substances.

42
Q

What is the structure and function of Golgi apparatus?

A

stacked flat sacs that receive protein from the rER and send them to other organelles or out of the cell

43
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

A
  • folded membrane (folds are cristae) in an outer membrane.

- converts energy in food for work (cellular respiration)

44
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

spherical organelles that have hydrolytic enzymes within single membranes

45
Q

What is the function of lyosomes?

A

break down food particles, invading objects or worn out cell bits.

46
Q

What is the structure and function of peroxisomes?

A

spherical with enzymes in single membranes.

- break down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic substance that can be produced in metabolism

47
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

Hair like organelles (made of 10 pairs of macro-tubules) that extend from cell surface. cilia(in large numbers) flagella (in less numbers and longer)

48
Q

Describe centrioles

A

9 set of 3 microtubules in a ring. - exist in pairs. play big role in mitosis.

49
Q

There are 3 plastids in plant cells, name them.

A

chloroplasts
chromoplasts
leucoplasts

50
Q

Describe the structure-function of chloroplasts

A 
stacked sacs (thylakoids) with chlorophyll. surrounded by a double membrane. 
- for photosynthesis
51
Q

Function of chromoplasts

A

make and store pigment

52
Q

Function of leucoplasts

A

store food like protein, carbs and starch

53
Q

Name the differences of plant and animal cells.

A
  • animals have no chloroplast
  • animals have no cell wall
  • Vacuoles in plants are much bigger than in animals
54
Q

What is interphase and what does it consist?

A

Growth that occurs between cell divisions(cells spend most life here). consists of G1,S, and G2

55
Q

What is M phase?

A

after G2, when the cell divides in 2 phases mitosis and cytokinesis

56
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of the cell nucleus

57
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm

58
Q

What happens in G1,S THEN G2?

A

G1 - cell growth
S - DNA replication
G2 - prep for mitosis

59
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

via binary fission, a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication and cell division.

60
Q

What are the 3 basic categories of cell differentiation?

A
  • GERM CELLS
  • SOMATIC CELLS
  • STEM CELLS
61
Q

What are stem cells and their properties?

A

unspecialised or partially specialised cells.

  • self renewing
  • potent
62
Q

What are the classifications for stem cells?

A

Embryonic

Adult

Integrated Medical Sciences (3 decks)

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