Cell Biology chapter 6 Flashcards
Define energy?
the ability to do work
Energy that is utilized at that exact instant is refered to as what?
kenetic energy
Energy that has the potential to be used later is referred to as what?
potential energy
What three major compounds in the human body are examples of potential energy?
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What triggers the activation of potential energy found in food?
digestion
Define thermodynamics?
the study of energy transformations
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
entropy
define entropy?
the loss of usable energy across the transformation of energy forms
What is an example of the open system that will utilize entropy?
the human body
As the human body ages the efficiency of transfer does what?
decreases
Carbohydrates are consumed, then digested into the muscle tissues for aid in contraction. heat is also produced as a byproducts. what does this prove?
entropy, the main transfer of energy is from carbohydrate potential energy into kinetic energy of muscle contraction. Heat is the loss of useable energy
what type of reactions build things up?
anabolic
what is an example of an anabolic reaction?
the use of anabolic hormones to aid in muscle tissue growth
what is a reaction called when it tears things apart?
catabolic
what kind of reactions have more potential energy in the reactants than the products, and energy is released at the end?
exergonic reactions
what is an example of exergonic reactions?
aerobic cellular respiration
what type of reactions have more potential energy in the products than the reactants, and no ATP is given off at the end?
endergonic reactions
what is an example of an endergonic reaction?
photosynthesis
endergonic reactions are examples of ____?
anabolic reactions
exergonic reactions are examples of _____?
catabolic reactions
when utilizing the first bond of ATP what is given off and what is left?
the first phosphate group is given, and Adenosine diphosphate is produced
when utilizing the second bond of ATP what is given off and what is left?
The second phosphate group is given, and Adenosine monophosphate is produced
what is it called when a phosphate is given to a molecule?
phosphorylation
Enzymes are what level of proteins?
tertiary, and globular in shape
What enzyme is utilized to speed up the conversion of sucrose to energy?
sucrase
What genetic disease is caused by the disfunction or lack of metabolic pathways in the blood?
hemophilia, due to the lack of
define feedback inhibition?
the initial product of an enzymatic reaction inhibits the production of the same molecule by restricting binding at the active site
define energy activation?
the energy required to start the metabolic process of the reaction, remember the mountain and hill example
define degradation?
a single substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme but when production stops it is then split into two substrates
what type of reaction is degradation?
catabolic, exergonic or hydrolysis
when the two substrates are joined back together what type of reaction?
endergonic, anabolic, or dehydration synthesis
enzyme activity increases as the ____ increases, but also decreases as the ____ decreases?
substrate concentration
Enzyme activity as increases as _____increases, to an extent?
temperature
When temperature increases to high what happens?
denaturization
define competitive inhibition?
the substrate and inhibitor both can bind at the active site and compete for the active site
define non competitive inhibition?
the inhibitor does not bind at the active site, but at an allosteric site. When binding at the allosteric site it changes the shape not allowing for binding
cyanide poison inhibits what?
cellular resperation
Warfarin poison inhibits what?
blood clotting in the medical form but in natural settings it is lethal
Oxidation?
makes a molecule smaller, do to the reduction of hydrogen atoms, loss of electron
reduction?
making a molecules larger, add electrons and hydrogen atoms
