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Biology > Cell Biology (B1 B2) > Flashcards

Cell Biology (B1 B2) Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the phloem adapted?

A

The end walls of (living) phloem cells contain small holes

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2
Q

List 3 examples of specialisation in animal cells

A

Sperm - flagellum to move around, an acrosome containing digestive enzymes

Red blood cell - concave (high s.a), no nucleus, haemoglobin to transport oxygen around body

Nerve - long and thin, able to connect, myelin to contain impulses

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3
Q

List 3 examples of specialisation in plant cells

A

Root hair cells - long projections (high s.a) and no chloroplasts as they’re underground

Phloem - the end walls of (living) cells contain small holes, no nucleus

Xylem - open-ended cells to allow the flow of water, (dead) cells contain lignin to make cell walls strong

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4
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell (organelles, size, etc)

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Bigger than prokaryotes
  • Have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, etc
  • Genetic material in nucleus
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5
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell (organelles, size, etc)

A
  • Bacteria (unicellular)
  • Smaller than eukaryotes
  • Have a cell wall, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane
  • Genetic material in a DNA loop, and plasmids
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6
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports glucose from the leaves around the plant (translocation)

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7
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transports water from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis (transpiration)

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material, controls what happens in the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Where respiration takes place

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose, holds the cell together

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14
Q

What are the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Stores cell sap to keep the cell turgid

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16
Q

How do you use a microscope? (req. practical)

A
  1. Clip slide onto stage
  2. Select lowest objective lens
  3. Position the lens using the course focus until it almost touches the slide without looking through the eyepiece yet
  4. Slowly turn the coarse focus until cells come into focus whilst looking through the eyepiece
  5. Use the fine focus to focus the image more
  6. Repeat with a higher objective lens
17
Q

Where are pacemaker cells located?

A

Right atrium

18
Q

Describe an electron microscope

A
  • Expensive
  • See in black and white
  • Higher magnification
  • Higher resolution
19
Q

Describe a light microscope

A
  • Cheaper
  • See in colour
  • Lower magnification
  • Lower resolution
20
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

21
Q

How do you prepare microorganism cultures? (req. practical)

A
  1. Sterilise an inoculating loop over a Bunsen burner
  2. Dip it into the bacteria and spread it over an agar plate
  3. Close the lid quickly after to prevent contamination
  4. Using tweezers, dip 3 paper circles into 2 types of antiseptic and one control, and place them in the agar plate
  5. Seal it shut with tape and label it with the date and bacteria
  6. Store it upside-down at 25 Celsius
22
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis

A
  • The chromosomes double and each group is pulled to opposite ends of the cell
  • The nucleus divides
  • The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form 2 identical daughter cells
23
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that isn’t differentiated yet

24
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

25
Q

Name some difference between the two types of stem cell

A

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell

26
Q

What illnesses can be treated with stem cells?

A

Diabetes and paralysis

27
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Cloning

28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells?

A

Advantages: Cures conditions, uses wasted cells, can replace body parts, prevents organ rejection

Disadvantages: Potential human life, transmission of infections

29
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient

30
Q

Write a method for an osmosis practical

A
  1. Fill 5 boiling tubes with distilled water, 0.25mol sugar solution, 0.5mol, 0.75mol, and 1mol
  2. Cut 5 potato cylinders using a cork borer, cut them all to 5cm, and record their starting masses
  3. Put each cylinder into a test tube and wait 30 minutes
  4. Remove cylinders and pat dry
  5. Measure final lengths and masses
  6. Calculate % change
31
Q

Explain how sexual reproduction can produce new varieties of plants

A
  • Fertilisation occurs (fusion of gametes)
  • DNA is mixed
  • Meiosis causes variation
32
Q

Compare mitosis with meiosis

A
  • Mitosis has one parent cell
  • Meiosis has 2 parent cells
  • Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells
  • Meiosis causes variation
  • Fertilisation occurs in meiosis, not in mitosis
33
Q

Why are bacteria incubated at 25 degrees?

A

To minimise growth of harmful pathogens

34
Q

Describe 3 benefits of using stem cells to clone plants

A
  • Plants can be reproduced quickly
  • Save endangered species
  • Large numbers of plants with desirable features can be grown
35
Q

Define osmosis

A

The net movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane down a concentration gradient (of water)

36
Q

Why should all potato cylinders come from the same potato?

A

The water concentrations are different in different potatoes

37
Q

What features increase the effectiveness of gas exchange?

A
  • Thin membrane (short diffusion distance)
  • High surface area
  • Good blood supply
  • Good ventilation
38
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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