Cell Biology (B1 and B2) Flashcards
which microscope is easier to use
light microscope
what is a electron microscopes resolution
0.1 nano meter
what is a disadvantage of electron microscopes
very expensive
what is a disadvantage of a light microscope
resolution is limited to 0.2 micro meters so you cant see as much
what are the two types of cells
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
what is the difference between eukaryotes cells and prokaryotes cells?
prokaryotes are a bacteria cell and eukaryotes is a plant or animal cell
what do plant cells have that animal cells don’t
cell wall , vacuole and chloroplasts
what does the nucleus do
controls the cells activities
what does a cell membrane do
controls what goes in and out of a cell
what does the vacuole do
contains sap for photosynthesis
what is the cytoplasm
cytoplasm is where the chemical reactions happen
what is mitochondria
mitochondria provides the cell with the energy it needs to function
what are the ribosomes
where protein synthesis happens
how does mitochondria provide the cell with energy
through aerobic respiration
what is the cell wall made of
cellulose which strengthens the cell
what do chloroplasts do
contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
what do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share
they both have cell membranes and cytoplasm
what is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus where the genetic material is stored prokaryotic cells genetic material is in a signal DNA loop called a plasmid
what is the function of a nerve cell
it carries electrical impulses through the body
what are the adaptations of a nerve cell
lots of mitochondria it has a very long axon and has connections with the other neve cells called dentroits
what is the function of a muscle cell
to contract for movement
what are the adaptations of a muscle cell
lots of mitochondria , special protein slide over making fibres contacts , store glycogen
what is the function of the sperm cell
to transfer genetic information for reproduction
what is the adaptations of a sperm cell
long tail for movement , lots of mitochondria , large nucleus containing genetic information , contains half the genetic information of a normal cell , large digestive enzyme to break down protective layer of egg
what is the function of a root hair cell
absorbs water and minerals
what are the adaptations of a root hair cell
large surface area , lots of mitochondria for active transplant
what is active transplant
the movement between an area of low concentration to high concentration
what are the functions of photosynthetic cells
makes food for photosynthesis
what are the adaptations of photosynthetic cells
lots of chloroplasts
what are the functions of xylem cells
carry water and minerals from roots to shoots
what are the adaptations of xylem cells
have ligin to strengthen cells , cell is dead to allow water through
what are the functions of phloem cells
carry sugars made from photosynthesis around the plant
what are the adaptations of phloem cells
no cell wall , companion cell
what is the use of a companion cell
supports internal structure , provides lots of mitochondria
what is adaptation
where an organism changes to suit its environment
what is function
what something does
what is differentiation
when stem cells adapt to perform a specific function
how does bacteria multiply
binary fission
how often does bacteria multiply
every 20 minuets
why is bacteria grown on an agar gel plate
because it has the right amount of nutrients
what must happen to petri dishes before use
they must be sterilised to remove bacteria
what must happen to the incolating loop
must be passed through flame for sterilisation
what must happen to the Petri dish after the experiment
it must be stored upside down and lid must be secured with tape
at what temperature must schools store the growing bacteria
25 degrees Celsius
what is the zone of inhabitation
where the antibiotic stops bacteria growth
what is a stem cell
an undifferentiated cell which could turn into any specialised cell
what are embryonic stem cells
cells that can differentiate into any human cell
what are adult stem cells
cells taken from bone marrow that can turn into blood cells
what tissue in plants can differentiate into any plant cell through a plants life
meristem tissue
what are the risk of transferring stem cells
the risk of transferring infections and ethical and religious reasons
stem cells from the meristem can be used to produce what
clones of plants quickly and economically
what is an advantage of stem cell cloning
rare species that are going extinct can be protected
what is diffusion
the spreading out of particles net movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration
how do substances move in and out of cells
across the cell membrane
what does dilute mean
low concentration
what does concentrated mean
high concentration
what are factors that effect diffusion
difference in concentration, temperature and surface area of membrane
how does difference in concentration effect diffusion
the bigger the difference in concentration the quicker diffusion will happen
how does temperature effect diffusion
temperature increases random movement which increases rate of diffusion
how does surface area increase rate of diffusion
because the bigger the cell membrane the more places of contact
how does a single celled organiasm having a large surface to volume ratio help the organism
it allows sufficent transport of molecules in and out of the cell
what is osmosis
osmosis is the diffusion of water from a concentrated soloution to a dilute soloution through a partially permeable membrane
what does isotonic mean
the souloution is at the same concentration
what does hypertonic mean
the soloution is more concentrated
what does hypotonic mean
the souloution is less concentrated
what is the concentration gradient
the scale of how concentrated something is
what is active transport
when substances move from low concentration to high concentration
why is energy needed to peform active transport
because substances are moving against the concentration gradient
how does active transport help the root hair cell
allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hair cells from dilute soloutions in the soil
how does active transport help resspiration
it allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from low concentration in the gut to high concentration in the sugar
what are the differneces between ,diffusion and osmosis
osmosis is the movement of water particles while diffusion is the spreading out of parcticles in and out of cells
what is the differnence between diffusion and active transport
diffusion moves with the concentration gradient while active transport moves against it
whats the differnece between the membranes in osmosis and diffusion
osmosis uses a partially permable memnrane while diffusion uses a cell membrane
what are chromosones made of
dna molecules
where are the chromosnes stored
in the nucleus
chromosones are found singular in paris or in a threesome
in pairs
why do we need to copy cells
for growth , reproduction and repair
what are three stages of the cell cycle
replication , mitosis and divsion
what happens in the replication stage
organelles and chromosones are copied
what happens in the mitosis stage
contacts are rearranged and chromosones are pulles apart
is jazzy sigma
absolutelayyyyyy
