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Biology 120 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell biology also known as?

A

Cytology

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2
Q

A cell is the most basic working unit of _______

A

life

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3
Q

New cells only arise how?

A

From existing cells, by cell division

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4
Q

What are the two basic types of microscopy?

A

Light microscopy, electron microscopy

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5
Q

What type of microscopy is dependent on on transmitted light to illuminate the biological sample of interest?

A

Light microscopy

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6
Q

What type of light microscopy is the conventional form of light microscopy, using visible light as the source?

A

Brightfield microscopy

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7
Q

Which type of microscopy depends on ultraviolet light to illuminate the specimen against a black background?

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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8
Q

What type of microscopy depends on an electron beam to bombard the specimen (which has normally been killed by chemical fixation prior to examination)?

A

Electron microscopy

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9
Q

What is the key advantage of electron microscopy over light microscopy?

A

A greater resolution (by at least 100x)

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10
Q

When an electron beam passes through an ultrathin, carefully prepared section of the specimen to reveal the contents of the cell which is “stained” with heavy metal it is __________

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

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11
Q

When a specimen remains intact, but gets coated with a thin film of heavy metal so that the beam is deflected off the contoured surface to yield a 3-d image it’s called __________

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

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12
Q

What separates the cytoplasm of the cell from the cell exterior?

A

the cell (plasma) membrane

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13
Q

What accumulates as a protective matrix along the membrane’s outer surface?

A

Biomolecules

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14
Q

The cytoskeleton in made of microfilaments of a protein called _____

A

Actin

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15
Q

Complexity, ex. possession of more types of organelles, is more common in _____ ____

A

eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Which cells have no membrane bound nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic

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17
Q

Which cells are small and unicellular or occasionally colonial? (NEVER multicellular)

A

Prokaryotic cells

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18
Q

What is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with other components like protein channels that governs entry and exit of materials in the cell?

A

The cell membrane

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19
Q

The cell membrane represents the major, and usually only, membrane system of a ________ cell.

A

Prokaryotic

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20
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell contain?

A

a nucleoid region (DNA), and ribosomes

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cells rarely possess a vacuole lined by a membrane called ______

A

the tonoplast

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22
Q

Tonoplasts help to retain ___ _______

A

cell turgor

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23
Q

Prokaryotes also have external features like a cell wall, glycolayx, pili, and ________

A

flagella

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24
Q

The cell wall protects the cell membrane and _______

A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is secreted externally to the cell wall as a slime layer or capsule?

A

The glycocalyx

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26
Q

The glycocalyx enables the cell to adhere to substrates or to eachother (i.e. to form a ________)

A

colony

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27
Q

Short abundant extensions that assist in attachment to surfaces and even other cells are called ______

A

Pili (pilus singular)

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28
Q

What part of the cell is used for locomotion and possess proteins called microtubules which permit a flexible whip-like action?

A

Flagella (singular flagellum)

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29
Q

Which cells can be singular, colonial, or commonly multi-cellular?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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30
Q

Eukarya contains what four groups?

A

Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Protista (often unicellular)

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31
Q

Eukaryotes all have what?

A

A membrane bound nucleus

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32
Q

What is typically the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell representing 10-20% of it’s volume?

A

The nucleus

33
Q

Two phospholipd bilayers, an inner and outer, which enclose a perinuclear space surrounding the nulceus of a eukaryotic cell comprise the _________

A

Nuclear envelope

34
Q

What is the semi-fluid substance filled with chromatin inside the nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm

35
Q

What stores, protects, organizes, and expresses most of the cell’s hereditary information?

A

The Nucleus

36
Q

Each nucleus may have one or more _________

A

nucleoli

37
Q

What consists of two subunits of rRNA and proteins?

A

Ribosomes

38
Q

Inside the cytoplasm, is the ___________ system.

A

endomembrane

39
Q

What includes vacuoles, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and even the cell membrane?

A

The endomembrane system

40
Q

What has an extensive, membranous network of flattened cisternae which are narrow tubules that contain fluid in the lumen?

A

The Endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by ________ attached to the cisterna’s outer surface.

A

ribosomes

42
Q

What happens in the smooth ER?

A

synthesis of lipids and production of hormones.

43
Q

The synthesis of glycoproteins by adding a carbohydrate is called _________

A

glycosylation

44
Q

What happens in the rough ER?

A

Glycosylation and formation and sorting of proteins

45
Q

What serves as distribution centre for proteins?

A

Golgi complex

46
Q

When a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the vesicle contents to the cell exterior it is called ___________

A

Exocytosis

47
Q

The golgi complex can perform what three functions?

A

glycosylation, protein sorting, and secretion

48
Q

If materials from outside the cell were incorporated into the vesicles it would be called __________

A

endocytosis

49
Q

Pinocytosis is when cells “sample” solutes in the external environment that ______ nutrients

A

absorb

50
Q

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles of _________ cells

A

animal

51
Q

Lysosomes contain hydrolases which function optimally in their ____ environment

A

acidic

52
Q

A defective organelle in the cytoplasm will become surrounded by a membrane and form an _________

A

autophagosome

53
Q

an autophagosome will fuse with lysosomes and they will convert it to subunits for ________

A

recycling

54
Q

When the vesicle with cargo pinches off from the cell membrane and enters the cell’s cytoplasm where this endocytotic vesicle fuses with a lysosome and the cargo is broken down into simpler compounds which are released to the cytoplasm it is called ____________

A

endocytosis

55
Q

What is it called when a large membrane-bound vesicle surrounds and engulfs a fairly large item (ex. bacterium), proceeds to fuse with lysosome whose acid hydrolases dismantle the bacterial cell?

A

Phagocytosis

56
Q

A fluid-filled sac is called a _______

A

vacuole

57
Q

What is the single membrane that lines the vacuole?

A

The tonoplast

58
Q

What type of vacuoles are present in many plant cells and take up much of the volume?

A

Central vacuoles

59
Q

A central vacuole provides what two things?

A

Storage, Turgor pressure

60
Q

What type of vacuole is present in many protists, gradually increasing in volume and eventually expelling its aqueous contents?

A

Contractile vacuole

61
Q

Food vacuoles have food for eventual _______

A

digestion

62
Q

Cytoskeleton maintains cell’s ______ and organelle _______, even a cell’s own motility.

A

shape, movement

63
Q

What size is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

5-7 nm

64
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

8-12 nm

65
Q

Diameter of microtubules?

A

25nm

66
Q

Microfilaments are assembled from what protein?

A

Actin

67
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

Muscle contraction, movement of pseudopods, separation of cytoplasm during cell division, cytoplasmic streaming

68
Q

Intermediate filaments only occur in _________ organisms

A

multicellular

69
Q

Microtubules are a major part of what apparatus at cell division?

A

Spindle apparatus

70
Q

Which motor proteins have intimate association with cytoskeleton?

A

dyneins, kinesins

71
Q

What is short but numerous and produces beating movements leading to locomotion or circulation of fluids and debris over the cell surface?

A

Cilia (cilium)

72
Q

Mitochondria and plastids are both what?

A

Semi-autonomous organelles (have their own DNA)

73
Q

Both mitochondria and plastids have a _______ membrane

A

double

74
Q

If it has a mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope, it is what type of cell?

A

Eukaryotic

75
Q

What plastids have chlorophyll? Grana, And thylakoids in each granum surrounding a lumen?

A

Chloroplasts

76
Q

What plastids have pigment crystals?

A

Chromoplasts

77
Q

Which plastids are starchy and colourless?

A

Leucoplasts (amyloplasts)

78
Q

The semi-autonomous, energy-transforming organelles of eukaryotic cells, namely mitochondria and chloroplasts, may have descended from free-living prokaryotic cells is the Theory of what?

A

Endosymbiosis

79
Q

Like prokaryotes, semi-autonomous organelles divide by __________ ________-.

A

Binary fission

Biology 120 (3 decks)

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