Cell Biology Flashcards
What are cells?
Structural and functional units of all living things
What are prokaryotic cells
Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells are
Animal and plant cells- unlike prokaryotic cells they have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles
Functions of the cell membrane
Selective barriers
Forms a structural base
What is the function of cytoskeleton
Scaffolding made up of proteins
Three major classes of cytoskeleton proteins
I. Intermediate filaments- position nucleus
II. Actin micro filaments- structure support
III. Microtubles- transport and mitosis
Function of rER
protein synthesis
Function of sER
synthesis of lipids, steroids and carbohydrate
Metabolism of exogenous substances eg. Drugs, toxins
Function of Golgi body
Proteins get packaged and secreated from the Golgi complex
Function of the mitochondria
Generates ATP
Part of cell death, signalling, cell differentiation and growth
Function of lysosomes
Digestion of most chemical compounds
What controls cell growth?
CDK- cyclin dependant linases
Medical issues with cell division
Uncontrolled cell division can cause more mutations causing disease like cancer
The phases of cell division
G1- cell growth and prepares for DNA replication
S- DNA replication occurs, chromosomes repudiate
G2- checks DNA for errors
Phases of mitosis
Interphase-
Prophase-
Metaphase-
Anaphase-
Telophase-
Cytokinesis-
What is cytokinesis
Final step of mitosis. Division of the cytoplasm. Actin filaments pitches the cell membrane deciding the cytomplams into two equal parts= daughter cells
What is telophase
Second to last stage of mitosis-
Two new nuclear envelopes appear around each set of chromosomes
What is the anaphase
Fourth stage of mitosis-
Chromosomes separate via the spindle fibers shortening
What is the interphase
The first stage of mitosis-
G1,S,G2
What is the prophase?
The start of mitosis. Nuclear envelope breaks down. The centisomes start moving to opposite sides of the cell
What is the Metaphase
Chromosomes align and spider fibers attach to the center meter of the chromosome via the kinetochores
What is active transport?
Absolute moves against its concentration (requires ATP)
What is passive transport
A solute moves across a membrane down its concentration gradient
What is simple diffusion
Gradients from a high concentration to a low concentration
What is cell channels
Selective group of molecules are allowed through
What is transport
Binds the monocle on a protein that will change its shape and cross the cell membrane down
What is primary active transport
Active transporters use ATP hydrolysis to drive transpoet
What is secondary active transport?
Uses the ion gradients to set up (by primary transport) processes (ALLOWS TWO THINGS AT ONCE)
