Cell Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the basic unit of life?
A
The cell.
2
Q
True or False: All living organisms are composed of cells.
A
True.
3
Q
What structure surrounds and protects the cell?
A
The cell membrane.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the control center of the cell.
A
nucleus.
5
Q
What is the function of ribosomes?
A
To synthesize proteins.
6
Q
True or False: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
A
True.
7
Q
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
A
To synthesize and transport proteins and lipids.
8
Q
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
A
Rough ER and Smooth ER.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins.
A
Golgi apparatus.
10
Q
What are lysosomes?
A
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
11
Q
True or False: Plant cells have chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
A
True.
12
Q
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
A
To conduct photosynthesis.
13
Q
What is DNA?
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
14
Q
True or False: RNA is a double-stranded molecule.
A
False.
15
Q
What are the three types of RNA?
A
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: The process of copying DNA into RNA is called _____
A
transcription.
17
Q
What is the process by which RNA is translated into protein?
A
Translation.
18
Q
What are genes?
A
Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
19
Q
True or False: Mutations can lead to changes in protein function.
A
True.
20
Q
What is the function of the cell cycle?
A
To regulate cell growth and division.
21
Q
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
A
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: Mitosis results in _____ daughter cells.
A
two.
23
Q
What is the main purpose of meiosis?
A
To produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
24
Q
True or False: Meiosis results in four genetically unique cells.
A
True.
25
What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an organism.
26
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
27
Fill in the blank: The law of _____ states that allele pairs segregate during gamete formation.
segregation.
28
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of a recessive allele.
29
What is a recessive allele?
An allele that expresses its trait only when two copies are present.
30
True or False: Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a trait.
True.
31
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Homozygous has identical alleles; heterozygous has different alleles.
32
Fill in the blank: A _____ is a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
pedigree.
33
What is genetic variation?
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals.
34
True or False: Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution.
True.
35
What is natural selection?
The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
36
Fill in the blank: The _____ theory of evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin.
theory of natural selection.
37
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.
38
True or False: All cells in an organism have the same DNA.
True.
39
What is the role of telomeres?
To protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration.
40
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell.
genome.
41
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell.
42
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
43
True or False: Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death.
True.
44
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
To regulate what enters and leaves the cell.
45
Fill in the blank: _____ are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
Organelles.
46
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
47
True or False: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.
True.
48
What is the role of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structure and protection.
49
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape.
cytoskeleton.
50
What is cell differentiation?
The process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function.
51
True or False: All cells are capable of dividing indefinitely.
False.
52
What is the purpose of cell signaling?
To communicate and coordinate functions between cells.
53
Fill in the blank: _____ are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
Enzymes.
54
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
To store the cell's genetic material.
55
True or False: The human genome contains approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
True.
56
What is the significance of genetic mutations?
They can lead to variations that may affect an organism's traits.
57
Fill in the blank: The process of cell division in prokaryotes is called _____.
binary fission.
58
What is a karyotype?
A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes.
59
True or False: Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins.
True.
60
What is the role of the S phase in the cell cycle?
To synthesize DNA in preparation for cell division.
61
Fill in the blank: _____ are the building blocks of proteins.
Amino acids.
62
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA; translation is the synthesis of proteins from RNA.
63
True or False: The genetic code is universal among all living organisms.
True.
64
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence.
65
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.
codon.
66
What is genetic engineering?
The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
67
True or False: Cloning creates genetically identical organisms.
True.
68
What is a plasmid?
A small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.
69
Fill in the blank: _____ is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host organism.
Transformation.
70
What is the role of polymerase in DNA replication?
To synthesize new DNA strands.
71
True or False: The leading strand is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.
True.
72
What is a telomere?
The protective end of a chromosome.
73
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
ribosome.
74
What is the role of the centrioles during cell division?
To help organize the mitotic spindle.
75
True or False: Gametes are produced by mitosis.
False.
76
What is a recessive trait?
A trait that requires two copies of the recessive allele to be expressed.
77
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the genetic makeup of an organism for a specific trait.
allele.
78
What is the role of DNA polymerase?
To synthesize new DNA strands during replication.
79
True or False: Chromatin is the relaxed form of DNA found in the nucleus.
True.
80
What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?
It increases genetic diversity.
81
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the region where two sister chromatids are joined.
centromere.
82
What is the purpose of a genetic test?
To identify changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
83
True or False: Genetic testing can help predict the risk of developing certain diseases.
True.
84
What is a phenotype ratio?
The ratio of different phenotypes produced in a genetic cross.
85
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a visual representation of an organism's genetic makeup.
genetic map.
86
What is a test cross?
A cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive organism.
87
True or False: The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the genetic equilibrium in a population.
True.
88
What is the role of genetic counselors?
To provide information and support regarding genetic conditions.
89
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
90
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False.
91
Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells contain __________.
membrane-bound organelles.
92
Which type of cell is generally smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic cells.
93
What structure protects the cell and maintains its shape in prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall.
94
True or False: All eukaryotic cells are multicellular.
False.
95
Name one example of a prokaryotic organism.
Bacteria.
96
What is the primary genetic material found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
DNA.
97
Which type of cell has ribosomes that are larger in size?
Eukaryotic cells.
98
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells? A) No nucleus B) Cell wall C) Membrane-bound organelles
C) Membrane-bound organelles.
99
What organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria.
100
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells reproduce primarily through __________.
binary fission.
101
True or False: Eukaryotic cells can be found in plants, animals, and fungi.
True.
102
Which type of cell typically has a more complex structure?
Eukaryotic cells.
103
What is the function of the plasma membrane in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
104
Name one characteristic unique to prokaryotic cells.
They lack a true nucleus.
105
Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? A) Ribosomes B) Nucleus C) Plasma membrane
B) Nucleus.
106
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
Protein and lipid synthesis.
107
True or False: Prokaryotic cells can have plasmids.
True.
108
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a gel-like substance found inside all cells.
cytoplasm.
109
What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?
Protein synthesis.
110
Which type of cell can form multicellular organisms?
Eukaryotic cells.
111
What type of cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells?
Mitosis and meiosis.
112
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells? A) Linear DNA B) Circular DNA C) Membrane-bound organelles
B) Circular DNA.
113
What is the main component of the prokaryotic cell wall?
Peptidoglycan.
114
Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells can be divided into __________ and __________ cells.
plant; animal.
115
True or False: Eukaryotic cells are generally more advanced than prokaryotic cells.
True.
116
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
117
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False.
118
Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells contain __________.
membrane-bound organelles.
119
Which type of cell is generally smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic cells.
120
What structure protects the cell and maintains its shape in prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall.
121
True or False: All eukaryotic cells are multicellular.
False.
122
Name one example of a prokaryotic organism.
Bacteria.
123
What is the primary genetic material found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
DNA.
124
Which type of cell has ribosomes that are larger in size?
Eukaryotic cells.
125
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells? A) No nucleus B) Cell wall C) Membrane-bound organelles
C) Membrane-bound organelles.
126
What organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria.
127
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells reproduce primarily through __________.
binary fission.
128
True or False: Eukaryotic cells can be found in plants, animals, and fungi.
True.
129
Which type of cell typically has a more complex structure?
Eukaryotic cells.
130
What is the function of the plasma membrane in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
131
Name one characteristic unique to prokaryotic cells.
They lack a true nucleus.
132
Multiple Choice: Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? A) Ribosomes B) Nucleus C) Plasma membrane
B) Nucleus.
133
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
Protein and lipid synthesis.
134
True or False: Prokaryotic cells can have plasmids.
True.
135
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a gel-like substance found inside all cells.
cytoplasm.
136
What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?
Protein synthesis.
137
Which type of cell can form multicellular organisms?
Eukaryotic cells.
138
What type of cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells?
Mitosis and meiosis.
139
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells? A) Linear DNA B) Circular DNA C) Membrane-bound organelles
B) Circular DNA.
140
What is the main component of the prokaryotic cell wall?
Peptidoglycan.
141
Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells can be divided into __________ and __________ cells.
plant; animal.
142
True or False: Eukaryotic cells are generally more advanced than prokaryotic cells.
True.
