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Introduction To Biology Test > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus
- animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

These are smaller than eukaryotic cells, the genetic material isn’t enclosed in a nucleus. The DNA is a single bacterial DNA loop that is not in a nucleus and there may be one or more rings of DNA called plasmids.
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

Metres to centimetres

A

X100

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4
Q

Metres to millimetres

A

X1000

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5
Q

Metres to micro metres

A

X1,000,000

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6
Q

Metres to micrometers

A

X1,000,000,000

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell

In animal and plant cells

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance where Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

In animal, plant and bacterial cells

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9
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

In plant, animal and bacterial cells

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where energy is released from reactions of aerobic respiration. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to function

In plant and animal cells

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

In animal and plant cells

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structure and support to strengthen the cell, in the plant cell it is made of cellulose.

In plant and bacterial cells

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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs.Contain chlorophyll, a green substance which absorbs sunlight needed for photosynthesis.

Only in plant cells

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14
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap, which is a weak solution of sugar and salts to help keep the cell turgid.
Only in plant cells

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15
Q

Bacterial DNA

A

Loop of DNA not found in a nucleus

Only in bacterial cells

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16
Q

Plasmid (DNA)

A

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification

Only in bacterial cells

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17
Q

Specialised cell of a sperm cell

A

Function is to fertilise an egg
- streamlined with a long tail to swim to the egg
- acrosome in the head containing enzymes to digest the egg cell membrane
-large number of mitochondria in the mid section to release energy for movement

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18
Q

Specialised cell of a nerve cell

A

Function is to carry electrical signals
-long branches to carry signals long distances
- branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network around the body
-insulating sheath to enhance transmission of electrical signals

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19
Q

Specialised cell of a muscle cell

A

Function is to allow muscle to contract and extended for movement. For muscle contraction
-contain a large number of mitochondria to release energy from respiration for movement
- long so that there is enough space to contract

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20
Q

Specialised cell of a root hair cell

A

Function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil
- hair like projections to increase the surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.
(Note: root hair cells have no chloroplasts as they are in the soil)

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21
Q

Specialised cell of a xylem cell

A

Function is to carry water and minerals in the plant
- form hollow xylem tubes made of dead tissue
- long cells with walls toughened by lignin
- water and minerals flow from the roots towards the leaves in only one direction in a process called transpiration

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22
Q

Specialised cell of a phloem cell

A

Function is to carry glucose around the plant
- form phloem tubes made of living tissue
- cells have end plates with holes in them
- glucose in solution moves from the leaves to growth and storage tissues in a process called translocation

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23
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Occurs as organisms develop, the cell changes and becomes specialised. As the cell differentiates they develop different sub cellular structures and turn into different types of cells to carry out specific functions.
- most types of animal cells differentiate in the early stage of development
- most types of plant cells can differentiate throughout their life cycle

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24
Q

Resolution

A

The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly

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25
Q

Comparison of light microscopes and electron microscopes

A

Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes. This means that scientist can see more sub cellular structures.

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26
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = size of image divided by real size of object

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27
Q

How can bacteria be grown in a lab?

A

1) a culture medium (agar) used containing an energy source carbohydrate and minerals
2) Petri dishes and Agar must be sterilised before used to kill microorganisms
3) inoculating loops used to transfer bacteria after being heated in a bunsen flame
4) the lead of the petition should be sealed with tape to stop any other microorganisms getting in however must not be fully sealed so oxygen can still get in
5) in school petri dishes are incubated at 25°C to reduce risk of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans

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28
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

By binary fission, a cell division where two identical cells are formed

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29
Q

Effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics and bacteria experiment

A

1) agar inoculated with bacteria
2) paper discs containing antics and antibiotics are placed on the bacteria and left to grow
3) water disc is used as a control
4) if the bacteria doesn’t grow around the disc then the chemical is effective at killing bacteria
5) area where bacteria doesn’t grow is called the zone of inhibition

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30
Q

Name the smallest cell structures that can be seen by light microscope

A

Nuclei and mitochondria

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31
Q

What are the smallest cell structures that can be seen by electron microscope?

A

Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts

32
Q

Describe how you would make an onion cell slide

A

1) place thin section of onion epidermis onto the slide
2) place a drop of iodine in the middle of the slide to stain the onion
3) gently lower the covers slip onto the onion at an angle without trapping air bubbles
4) soak up any excess liquid with a paper towel

33
Q

Describe how you would use light microscope to view onion cells

A

1) switch on the light sauce and slide on the stage
2) use the lowest objective lens and turn the focusing wheel to move the lens closer to the slide
3) slowly adjust the focusing wheel until you can see a clear image
4) increase the magnification by changing the objective lens and refocus

34
Q

What is binary fission

A

Cell division where two identical cells for the parent cell are formed

35
Q

Chromosomes in human body cells

A

Chromosomes are normally found in pairs humans have 23 chromosome pairs

36
Q

Nucleus of a cell what does it contain

A

The nucleus of a cell contains the instructions for making proteins and new cells. In the nucleus that are structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made of coiled strands of DNA molecules in a double helix formation. A section Of DNA that codes for specific protein or characteristic is called a gene.

37
Q

Cell cycle

A

In the cell cycle cells divide in a series of stages.

The genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells
1) growth, before cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub cellular structures such as rhizomes and mitochondria
2) DNA synthesis. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
3) mitosis.
One set of chromosome is pulled to each end of the cell and then nucleus divides. Then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two cells identical to the parent cell.

38
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis occurs during growth and to repair or replace damaged cells. Asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis in both plants and simple animals. Once its contents and DNA have been copied, the cell is ready for mitosis.
1) the chromosomes lineup at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart.

The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell
2) membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells the nucleus has divided.
3) lastly cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
4) the cell has now produced two daughter cells. The daughter cells contain exactly the same DNA identical and the DNA is also identical to the parent cell.

39
Q

Stem cells

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within an organism. These haven’t been specialised. They can produce other stem cells that can then differentiate into many different types of cells.

40
Q

Human embryo stem cells

A

These can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells. Human adult stem cells can form many but not all types of cells including blood cells. the cells include muscle cells, blood cells, nerve cells, cardiac cells, liver cells or intestinal cells.

Human stem cells can be used to help treat diseases like diabetes and paralysis

41
Q

Embryos produced by therapeutic cloning

A

Embryo was produced by therapeutic cloning have the same genes as the patient. This means stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body. This is why they can be used for medical treatments the risks of using stem cells such as transfer of viral infections. Some people have objections system cell use for ethical and religious reasons. During fertility treatment doctors usually fertilise many more eggs and are going to be used. The embryos then formed are used to obtain stem cells.in the UK scientist can use these embryos for research but only under very strict guidelines

42
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells in plants

A

Most types of plant cells can differentiate throughout their life cycle. One differentiated stem cells in plants are grouped together in structures called Meristems. The undifferentiated cells can then specialise for example root hair cell Xylem or phloem cells.

43
Q

What can Meristems in plants be used for?

A

They can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically. Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction. Crop plants with special features such as a disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.

44
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled strands of DNA molecules

45
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

46
Q

What is DNA?

A

A genetic material found in the nucleus that codes for proteins

47
Q

Where in a cell do you find chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus of cells

48
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth.

DNA synthesis. And mitosis.

49
Q

What is mitosis used for in plants and animals?

A

Growth repair and asexual reproduction

50
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Where patients are given stem cells contain the same genes as their

51
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from area of higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration. This can occur with particles of gas or substances in solutions.

52
Q

Factors which affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient, temperature and the surface area of the membrane

53
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion?

A

The bigger the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion rate

54
Q

How does temperature impact diffusion?

A

As the temperature increases the particles in a gas or liquid gain more kinetic energy so they move faster. The hotter the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion.

55
Q

How does surface area of a membrane impact diffusion?

A

A single celled organism has a large surface area compared to its volume. This allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism.

56
Q

How can you calculate surface area to volume ratio?

A

The service area of volume ratio can be calculated by dividing an object surface area by its volume

57
Q

Adaptations of the small intestines

A

-internal surface is covered in millions of folds called villi
-villi increase the surface area
- villi have a very good blood supply this maintains the concentration gradient
- Membranes of the villi are very thin to allow for a short diffusion pathway

58
Q

Adaptations of the lungs

A
  • lungs contain millions of tiny air sacks called alveoli
    -Alveoli increases the surface area
    -Alvo have a very good blood supply this maintains the concentration gradient
    -Membranes of the alveoli are very thin to allow a short diffusion distance
59
Q

Adaptations of the lungs

A
  • lungs contain millions of tiny air sacks called alveoli
    -Alveoli increases the surface area
    -Alveoli have a very good blood supply this maintains the concentration gradient
    -Membranes of the alveoli are very thin to allow a short diffusion distance
60
Q

Adaptations of gills in fish

A
  • each gill is made of lots of thin plates called Gill filaments , water with low oxygen flows over them
  • Gill filaments increase the surface area
  • Gill filaments are covered with lamella that increase the surface area even more
  • lamella have a very good blood supply.

This maintains the concentration gradient as water flows in the opposite direction
- membranes of the lamella are very thin to allow for a short diffusion distance

61
Q

Adaptations of the roots

A

The root surface is covered in millions of root hair cells , root hair cells increase the surface area. They are present on the mature parts of the roots. They absorb water and minerals from the soil.

62
Q

Adaptations of the leaves

A

Large surface area to absorb more light. Thin so the short diffusion distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into this leaf cell. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. The Xylon and phloem are there to support the leaf and transport water and glucose. The stomata on the low side of the leaf allows gases to diffuse into an out of the leaf.

63
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is a diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane

64
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane the less some but not all substances through

65
Q

What does the rate of osmosis depend on?

A

The concentration gradient and temperature

66
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution is more concentrated than in the cells

67
Q

Isotonic

A

there is a same concentration as a solution in the cell?

68
Q

Hypotonic

A

It is more dilute than the solution in the cell

69
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport move substances from a low concentration solution to higher concentrated solution against the concentration gradient. The energy is provided by respiration.

70
Q

Active transport in root hair cells

A

The minerals are at a higher concentration in the root hair cell than in the soil.

So the minerals move into the cell against the concentration gradient.

71
Q

Active transport in the small intestines

A

Active transport also occurs in the small intestines as sugar or glucose molecules are absorbed from lower concentrations in the small intestine into the blood which has a highest sugar concentration. The glucose is used for respiration.

72
Q

Three places where diffusion occurs in the body

A

Small intestine, lungs and kidneys

73
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration between two areas next to each other

74
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

It will lose water by osmosis and shrivel

75
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It will absorb water by osmosis and get bigger and burst

76
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It will absorb water by osmosis and get bigger and burst

Introduction To Biology Test (2 decks)

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