Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell where genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed in the nucleus. E.g bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compare eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  1. Eukaryotic has a nucleus
  2. Prokaryotic does not have a nucleus, but a single loop of DNA or plasmids.
  3. Eukaryotic > prokaryotic
  4. Both contain cytoplasm.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

Most cells are specialised. They have other adaptations to help them carry out a certain function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do you scientists call a cell that has been specialised?

A

Differentiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Job of the sperm cell?

A

To join in with an ovum, egg cell. This is called fertilisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do sperms cells store the genetic material?

A

It is stored in their nucleus but sperms cells contain only half of the genetic information of a normal adult cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the order of magnitude?

A

How much larger something is by it being 10x greater than before.
E.g, 1 order of magnitide=10x
2 order of magnitude=100x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plant cell extra features and adaptations

A
  • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.
  • Cell wall is made from cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
  • Vacoule is filled with cell sap, which can help give the plant its shape.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Features of sperms cells

A
  1. Long tail to help them swim to egg cell. Aslo streamlined to make this easier.
  2. Packed full of mitochondria to give energy needed for swimming.
  3. Contain enzymes that allow them to digest their way through the outer layer of the egg cell.
  4. Contain genetic material in nucleus. Sperm cells sonatina half of DNA of a normal adult cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Job of nerve cells

A

Send electrical impulses around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nerve cell adaptaions

A
  1. Axon carries the electrical impulses around one part of the body to another. They are the part along the cell.
  2. Myelin insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. They cover the axon.
  3. Synapses are located at the end of the axon. They allow impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another.
  4. Dendrites increase surface area so that the other nerve cells can connect more easily. Looks like a splatter on one end.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do muscle cells contract?

A

They have protein fibres that can change their length. When a muscle cell contracts, the protein fibres shorten, decreasing the length of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are muscle cells packed with?

A

Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of hair in a root hair cell?

A

They increase the surface area of the root so it can absorb water and dissolve minerals more effectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Root hair cell features.

A
  • Root hair to increase surface area.
  • Cell wall made if cellulose to strengthen cell.
  • Nucleus as a store of DNA.
  • Vacuole filled with cell sap to shapen the cell.
    DOES NOT HAVE CHLOROPLASTS AS IT IS UNDERGROUND.
17
Q

Why do xylem cells, found in plant stems, form long tubes?

A

They carry water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.

18
Q

Xylem cells features

A
  1. They have thick walls containing lignin to provide support to the plant.
  2. End walls between the cells have broken down so that they form a long tube so water and dissolved minerals flow easily.
  3. No nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, or chloroplast so it is easy for thing to flow.
19
Q

What do phloem tubes carry?

A

Dissolved sugars is and down a plant.

20
Q

What cells do phloem tubes contain?

A
  1. Phloem vessel cells. They have no nucleus and only limited cytoplasm.
  2. End walls of vessel cells have pores called sieve plates.
21
Q

Why do phloem tubes have companion cells?

A

Each phloem cell has one connected by pores. Mitochondria in the companion cells provide energy to phloem vessel cell.

22
Q

What does limited resolution mean??

A

The limited amount of clearness. i.e low resolution means blurry

23
Q

What are some advantages of an electron microscope?

A

They have higher resolution and greater magnification than a light microscope.

24
Q

What do we find in the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes which are made of the molecule DNA.

25
Q

How many chromosomes do each body cell contain?

A

2, they are paired.

26
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

A large number of genes that determine many of our features.

27
Q

What is the cell cycle??

A

Cells have to be able to divide.

28
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. The DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome.
  2. Mitosis takes place. One set of chromosomes pulled to each end of the cell. The nucleus also divides.
  3. The cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells.
29
Q

Functions of mitosis

A
  1. Essential for growth and development.
  2. Takes place when an organism repairs itself.
  3. Happens during asexual reproduction.
30
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other types of cells.

31
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

32
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Difference in concentration.
  2. Temperature
  3. Surface area of membrane. The larger the surface area, the greater the rate of diffusion.
33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

34
Q

What is active transport??

A

Moves substances fr9m a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution ( against the concentration gradient ). It requires energy from respiration, unlike diffusion.

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions