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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Building blocks of life

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2
Q

Define eukaryotic cell

A

Cells that have a nucleus

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3
Q

State the function of a nucleus

A

Controls cell activity

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4
Q

State function of cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

State the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls what moves in and out of the cell

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6
Q

State the function of mitochondria

A

Where respiration happens to release energy

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7
Q

State the function of the ribosome

A

Protein is made

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8
Q

What substance makes up plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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9
Q

State the function of a cell wall

A

Supports the cell and plant

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10
Q

State the function of chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis is made

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11
Q

State the function of a permanent vacuole

A

Stores cells sap

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12
Q

State differences between plant cell and animal cell

A

Animal cell has no; vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall were as a plant cell does

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13
Q

State one difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotes cell

A

Eukaryotic has a nucleus and prokaryotes does not

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14
Q

State one organism that is prokaryotic

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall

A

Yes

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16
Q

Some bacteria have an extra layer on top of their cell wall. What is it called?

A

Capsular

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17
Q

Where does the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell exist?

A

Chromosomal (DNA)

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18
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

A

Prokaryotic are smaller in size

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19
Q

What is the name of the extra DNA rings found in prokaryotes?

A

Plasmid

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20
Q

What is the function of a flagella?

A

The movement of bacterium

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21
Q

State the difference between animal cell and bacteria?

A

Animal has a nucleus

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22
Q

State the equation that links magnification image size and actual size

A

Magnification=
Image size / actual size

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23
Q

Convert 0.005mm to ųm

A

5ųm

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24
Q

How to calculate the total magnification of a microscope

A

TM= magnification of eyepiece / magnification of object size

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25
Q

Which type of microscope has a higher magnification and power
Light of electron

A

Electron

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26
Q

Which objective lens should we start using when using a microscope

A

The lowest magnification

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27
Q

How must a specimen be prepared to be viewed under a microscope

A
  1. Thinly sliced
  2. Place of a glass slide
  3. Covered by a coverslip
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28
Q

Explain how electron microscope have increased understanding of organelles

A

By producing high resolution images

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29
Q

Describe what the image using an electron microscope might look like

A

. Show a detailed structure of specimen
.black and white

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30
Q

Why must we not use a coarse focus knob during high power magnification

A

Can cause the object to come in contact with the slide causing damage to specimen

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31
Q

State one organism that is eukaryotic

A

Plant cell
Animal cell

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32
Q

Define sub-cellular structure

A

Structures found in a cell

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33
Q

Where are proteins made in a cell?

A

Ribosome

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34
Q

Name 3 structures that are found in a plant cell that arnt in a animal cell

A

Chloroplast
Cell wall
Vacuole

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35
Q

What cause active transport to stop?

A

Lack of oxygen

36
Q

Define dilute

A

Decrease in concentration

37
Q

Define concentrated

A

Large amount of solute

38
Q

What are partially permeable membranes

A

Small molecule of water that allow passage of small solutes

39
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

Solutions that contain the same amount of solutes

40
Q

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a concentrated solution?

A

Lose water due to osmosis and shrink in size

41
Q

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a dilute solution

A

Gain water through osmosis

42
Q

Why do animal cells burst in pure water?

A

They gain waiter though osmosis which causes them to swell and burst

43
Q

How do cell walls protect plant cells from the effects of osmosis

A

Prevent water getting in and the cell wall is tough

44
Q

types of stem cells

A

Adult stem cell
Embryonic stem cells
Red blood cells

45
Q

Stem cells can change into ….. cells

A

Fat cells
Cardiac cells
Neurons

46
Q

How are stem cells obtained by embryos

A

They develop into another cell

47
Q

What are the 5 stages of a cell cycle

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

48
Q

Explain what interphase does

A

Cell replicates chromosomes

49
Q

Explain what prophase does

A

Chromosomes become visible

50
Q

Explain what metaphase does

A

Chromosomes come to the middle of cell

51
Q

Explain what anaphase does

A

The chromatins goes to opposite poles

52
Q

Telophase

A

Cell splits into 2

53
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell divides into 2

54
Q

Why is it important that chromosomes are copied before mitosis occurs

A

So all genetic material is formed

55
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Cells that can divide to make different cells

56
Q

Define cell transport

A

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane

57
Q

How do particles move

A

Diffusion

58
Q

Define diffusion

A

Net movement of particles form high to low concentration

59
Q

What is meant by net movement

A

Movement of particles

60
Q

State 3 factors that affect diffusion

A

Temperature
Pressure
Concentration gradient

61
Q

How does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion

A

The great the difference in concentration the quicker rate of diffusion is

62
Q

Explain why higher temperatures causes a higher rate of diffusion

A

Increase energy of particles

63
Q

Describe 2 adaptations of exchange surfaces

A

Large surface area
Short diffusion

64
Q

Name a waste substance that causes diffuses out of our cell

A

Carbon dioxide

65
Q

Define osmosis

A

Water molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration

66
Q

What is bile

A

A fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

67
Q

Define dilute

A

Decreasing the concentration of a solution

68
Q

Define concentrated

A

A high volume of solute in a solution

69
Q

What are partially permeable membranes

A

Small molecules of water that allow passage of other small solutes

70
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

Solutions that contain the same concentration of solutes

71
Q

If a cell is a dilute solution, water will _____ the cell

A

Enter

72
Q

If a cell is concentrated, water will _____ the cell

A

Leave

73
Q

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a concentrated solution?

A

It will lose water through osmosis and shrink in size

74
Q

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a dilute solution

A

It will gain water through osmosis

75
Q

Why do animal cells burst in water?

A

They gain water through osmosis which causes them to swell and burst

76
Q

How do cell walls protect plant cells from the effects of osmosis

A

They are tough and prevent water from entering

77
Q

What will happen to a plant cell if it is in a concentrated solution

A

Lose water by osmosis

78
Q

What will happen to a plant cell if it is in a dilute solution?

A

The cell will become soft

79
Q

What does plasmolysed mean

A

Cells loses water

80
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of substance against a concentration gradient

81
Q

Why is active transport not a passive process

A

Because it requires energy

82
Q

How does active transport differ from diffusion and osmosis

A

Active transport is from a low to high concerntration

83
Q

Define tissue

A

Group of cells working together to perform a specific function

84
Q

Define organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

85
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

Biology (3 decks)

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