Cell Biology Flashcards by Emily Jessop

What is a cell?

Building blocks of life

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Define eukaryotic cell

Cells that have a nucleus

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State the function of a nucleus

Controls cell activity

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State function of cytoplasm

Where chemical reactions happen

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State the function of the cell membrane

Controls what moves in and out of the cell

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State the function of mitochondria

Where respiration happens to release energy

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State the function of the ribosome

Protein is made

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What substance makes up plant cell walls?

Cellulose

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State the function of a cell wall

Supports the cell and plant

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State the function of chloroplast

Photosynthesis is made

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State the function of a permanent vacuole

Stores cells sap

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State differences between plant cell and animal cell

Animal cell has no; vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall were as a plant cell does

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State one difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotes cell

Eukaryotic has a nucleus and prokaryotes does not

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State one organism that is prokaryotic

Bacteria

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Do prokaryotes have a cell wall

Yes

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Some bacteria have an extra layer on top of their cell wall. What is it called?

Capsular

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Where does the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell exist?

Chromosomal (DNA)

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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

Prokaryotic are smaller in size

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What is the name of the extra DNA rings found in prokaryotes?

Plasmid

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What is the function of a flagella?

The movement of bacterium

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State the difference between animal cell and bacteria?

Animal has a nucleus

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State the equation that links magnification image size and actual size

Magnification=
Image size / actual size

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Convert 0.005mm to ųm

5ųm

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How to calculate the total magnification of a microscope

TM= magnification of eyepiece / magnification of object size

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Which type of microscope has a higher magnification and power Light of electron

Electron

Which objective lens should we start using when using a microscope

The lowest magnification

How must a specimen be prepared to be viewed under a microscope

1. Thinly sliced 2. Place of a glass slide 3. Covered by a coverslip

Explain how electron microscope have increased understanding of organelles

By producing high resolution images

Describe what the image using an electron microscope might look like

. Show a detailed structure of specimen .black and white

Why must we not use a coarse focus knob during high power magnification

Can cause the object to come in contact with the slide causing damage to specimen

State one organism that is eukaryotic

Plant cell Animal cell

Define sub-cellular structure

Structures found in a cell

Where are proteins made in a cell?

Ribosome

Name 3 structures that are found in a plant cell that arnt in a animal cell

Chloroplast Cell wall Vacuole

What cause active transport to stop?

Lack of oxygen

Define dilute

Decrease in concentration

Define concentrated

Large amount of solute

What are partially permeable membranes

Small molecule of water that allow passage of small solutes

What is an isotonic solution

Solutions that contain the same amount of solutes

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a concentrated solution?

Lose water due to osmosis and shrink in size

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a dilute solution

Gain water through osmosis

Why do animal cells burst in pure water?

They gain waiter though osmosis which causes them to swell and burst

How do cell walls protect plant cells from the effects of osmosis

Prevent water getting in and the cell wall is tough

types of stem cells

Adult stem cell Embryonic stem cells Red blood cells

Stem cells can change into ….. cells

Fat cells Cardiac cells Neurons

How are stem cells obtained by embryos

They develop into another cell

What are the 5 stages of a cell cycle

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Explain what interphase does

Cell replicates chromosomes

Explain what prophase does

Chromosomes become visible

Explain what metaphase does

Chromosomes come to the middle of cell

Explain what anaphase does

The chromatins goes to opposite poles

Telophase

Cell splits into 2

Define mitosis

Cell divides into 2

Why is it important that chromosomes are copied before mitosis occurs

So all genetic material is formed

What is a stem cell

Cells that can divide to make different cells

Define cell transport

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane

How do particles move

Diffusion

Define diffusion

Net movement of particles form high to low concentration

What is meant by net movement

Movement of particles

State 3 factors that affect diffusion

Temperature Pressure Concentration gradient

How does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion

The great the difference in concentration the quicker rate of diffusion is

Explain why higher temperatures causes a higher rate of diffusion

Increase energy of particles

Describe 2 adaptations of exchange surfaces

Large surface area Short diffusion

Name a waste substance that causes diffuses out of our cell

Carbon dioxide

Define osmosis

Water molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration

What is bile

A fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

Define dilute

Decreasing the concentration of a solution

Define concentrated

A high volume of solute in a solution

What are partially permeable membranes

Small molecules of water that allow passage of other small solutes

What is an isotonic solution

Solutions that contain the same concentration of solutes

If a cell is a dilute solution, water will _____ the cell

Enter

If a cell is concentrated, water will _____ the cell

Leave

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a concentrated solution?

It will lose water through osmosis and shrink in size

What will happen to an animal cell if it is in a dilute solution

It will gain water through osmosis

Why do animal cells burst in water?

They gain water through osmosis which causes them to swell and burst

How do cell walls protect plant cells from the effects of osmosis

They are tough and prevent water from entering

What will happen to a plant cell if it is in a concentrated solution

Lose water by osmosis

What will happen to a plant cell if it is in a dilute solution?

The cell will become soft

What does plasmolysed mean

Cells loses water

Define active transport

Movement of substance against a concentration gradient

Why is active transport not a passive process

Because it requires energy

How does active transport differ from diffusion and osmosis

Active transport is from a low to high concerntration

Define tissue

Group of cells working together to perform a specific function

Define organ

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

Define organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function