Cell Biology Flashcards
Define the theory Ocean Surface
The Ocean Surface theory is where scientist believed that life arose like tide pools.
Define the theory Panspermia
The Panspermia theory is where scientist believed that an asteroid/comet hit the earth with the living organisms and cells to begin life on earth
Define the theory Under Sea Thermal
The Under Sea Thermal theory is where scientist believed that there were organisms living in volcanic vents/the bottom of the ocean and they arose to the surface and had the right necessities to survive
List the Cell theories
- All cells come from cells
- All living matter is made of cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
Plant cell characteristics
- Cell wall + cell membrane
- chloroplast (present in photosynthesis)
-large vacuole (stores water)
-rectangular
Plant cell characteristics
- Cell wall + cell membrane
- Chloroplast (colours cell green, present in photosynthesis)
- Large vacuole (stores water)
- Rectangular shape
Animal cell characteristics
- Cell membrane only
- No chloroplast
- Small vacuoles
- Round shape
List 2 differences between plant cells and animal cells
Plant
- Cell wall + cell membrane
- Chloroplast
- Large vacuole
- Rectangular
Animal
- Cell membrane only
- No chloroplast
- Small vacuole
- Round
The function of the Vacuole
The Vacuole is to store water, bigger in the plant cell for photo synthesis
The function of the Chloroplast
The Chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place, it’s what give plants is green colour (present in plant cells only)
The function of the Nucleus
The Nucleus holds genetic material and controls all the activity of the cell
there are four parts: the Nuclear Pore, Nuclear Envelope, Nucleoplasm, & Nucleolus
The function of the Cell Membrane
The Cell Membrane is the exterior of the cell, it holds the cell together. It controls the passage of the materials in and out of the cell.
The function of the Cell Wall
The cell wall is found in the plant cell, its made of cellulose and gives the cell it’s shape
(present in the plant cell only)
The function of the Lysosomes
The Lysosomes is the digestive system of the cell, it digest or hydrate dead parts of the cell
The function of the Cytoplasm
The Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that surrounds and protects the cell organelles
The function of the Peroxisomes
The peroxisomes Metabolize fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide
The function of the Mitochondria
The Mitochindria is the power house of the cell, it supplies the cell with energy
The function of the Actin Filaments
The Actin Filaments are Long fibres that help the movement and shape of the cell
The function of the Cilia and Flagella
The Cilia are small hairs on the surface of a cell, Flagella is one long tail like structure on the cell, The both help move the cell
The function of the Centrioles
The Centrioles organize the spindle fibers
(present in animal cells)
The function of the Cytoskeleton
The Cytoskeleton transports substances in the cell and gives the cell shape while organizing spindle fibre
The function of the Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi Apparatus stores, modifies and prepares proteins
The function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in synthesis and transportation of proteins. there is the Smooth ER and Rough ER which has Ribosomes on it
The function of the Ribosomes
The Ribosomes are involved in the production of protein
The function of the Vessicles
The Vessicles store and transport substances that are made in the Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Cell Membrane
What are Procaryotic cells characteristics
-Naked loop DNA, Cytoplasm in nucleoid region
-No mitochondria, cell surface enfolds the mesosomed to carry out the energy
-smaller in size (70s)
-Few or no organelle bound by a single membrane
What are Eurkaryotic cells characteristics
-Strands of DNA, protein in the cell membrane protected by the double layer
-mitochondria present
-larger in size (80s)
-many cell organelles present
What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eurkaryotic cell
Prokaryotic
-Naked loop DNA, Cytoplasm in nucleoid region
-No mitochondria, cell surface enfolds the mesosomed to carry out the energy
-smaller in size (70s)
-Few or no organelle bound by a single membrane
Eukaryotic
-Strands of DNA, protein in the cell membrane protected by the double layer
-mitochondria present
-larger in size (80s)
-many cell organelles present
Properties of viruses
-No cellular compoents
-Can not move
-Reproduced in host cell
-2 main parts
protein coat (capsule)
DNA/RNA
Extremely small
Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) properties
-RNA in protein coat
-Makes DNA from Virused RNA
-DNA inserts into host DNA
-Proteins come from DNA
-Virus comes from proteins
-Virus release from cell
AIDS = HIV
HIV ≠AIDS
Prokaryotic cell shapes: Bacillus
Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria
single, double, or chains
Prokaryotic cell shapes: Coccus
Coccus: Spherical Shape
Pairs, chains or Clusters
Prokaryotic cell shapes: Spirilla
Spirilla: long twisted rigid rods or spirochetes
Flexible/ spiral
What is Exocytosis
Exocytosis is when material EXITS through the cell membrane
What is Endocytosis
Endocytosis is when material ENTERS through the cell membrane
What are the 3 main parts of the Bacteria cell envelope
1.Plasma membrane
2. cell wall
3. glycocalyx
What is the function of the glycocalyx
The glycocalyx is the layer on the outside of the cell wall, it’s function is to prevent dehydration
What is the function of the membrane proteins
-Hormone binding sites
-Immoblilzes enzymes
-Sticks groups of cells in tissues and organs together
-Cell to cell communication
-Channels for passive transport
-Pumps for active transport
What is the Membrane composition
Hydrophilic heads- water loving
Hydrophobic tails- water hating
Amphipathic Definition
Amphipathic is having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties (water loving + water hating components)
Active transport definition
“against concentration gradient”
Means moving from [ low ] to [ high ]
Actice transport requires energy call ___
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
What are the 2 types of Passive transport
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
what is the difference between Osmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis- transportation of water
Diffusion- transportation of particles
What are the 3 types of Osmosis
- Isotonic
- Hypotonic
3.Hypertonic
True or False Solids can not diffusion through the membrane
True: The membrane is Semi permeable therefore solids are to big to move through it, solids have to go through the protein channels to pass through
Define Isotonic
Isotonic is when the external concentration is the same as the internal concentration
Define Hypotonic
Hypotonic is when the external concentration is LESS than the internal concentration
Define Hypertonic
Hypertonic is when the external concentration is HIGHER than the internal concentration
Mitosis Properties
-Splits once
-Asexual reproduction
-Somactic cell created
-Genetically identical
-Diploid (2n)
-2 cells
Meiosis properties
-Splits twice
-Sexual reproduction
-Gametes (egg+sperm/ Pollen+ouvles)
-Not genetically identical
-Haploid (n)
-4 cells
what are 3 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
-Splits once
-Asexual reproduction
-Somactic cell created
-Genetically identical
-Diploid (2n)
-2 cells
Meiosis
-Splits twice
-Sexual reproduction
-Gametes (egg+sperm/ Pollen+ouvles)
-Not genetically identical
-Haploid (n)
-4 cells
What is the order of Mitosis
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytokinesis
What do Stem cells treat
Stem cells treat Leukemia and stargardt
What are Stem cells
Stem cells are cells that don’t know what they want to be
Where are Stem cells found
Stem cells are found in bone marrow, umbilical cord, and Embryos
What are is 1 pro and 1 con of bone marrow stem cells
Pro
-Less chance of malignant cells forming than with embryonic
-Fully compatible with adults tissue
-Removal of stem cell do not kill the adult
Con
-Difficult to get as there are few of them and they are buried deep in the tissue
-Less growth potential than embryonic cells
-Limited capacity to differentiate
What are is 1 pro and 1 con of Cord blood
Pro
-Easily obtained and stored
-Commercial collection and storage are readily available
-Perfectly compatible
Con
-Limited capacity to differentiate (only naturally develoup into blood cells)
-Limited quantities from one’s own cord
What are is 1 pro and 1 con of Embryo
pro
-Almost unlimited growth potential
-Less chance of genetic damage
Con
-More risk of becoming tumour cells
-Likely to be genetically different from the adult receiveing them
-Can only take a few cells
How many chromosomes does each everyone have
Everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total). They get 23 from their mom and 23 from their dad
