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IB Biology 111 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define the theory Ocean Surface

A

The Ocean Surface theory is where scientist believed that life arose like tide pools.

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2
Q

Define the theory Panspermia

A

The Panspermia theory is where scientist believed that an asteroid/comet hit the earth with the living organisms and cells to begin life on earth

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3
Q

Define the theory Under Sea Thermal

A

The Under Sea Thermal theory is where scientist believed that there were organisms living in volcanic vents/the bottom of the ocean and they arose to the surface and had the right necessities to survive

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4
Q

List the Cell theories

A
  1. All cells come from cells
  2. All living matter is made of cells
  3. The cell is the basic unit of life
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5
Q

Plant cell characteristics

A
  • Cell wall + cell membrane
  • chloroplast (present in photosynthesis)
    -large vacuole (stores water)
    -rectangular
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6
Q

Plant cell characteristics

A
  • Cell wall + cell membrane
  • Chloroplast (colours cell green, present in photosynthesis)
  • Large vacuole (stores water)
  • Rectangular shape
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7
Q

Animal cell characteristics

A
  • Cell membrane only
  • No chloroplast
  • Small vacuoles
  • Round shape
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8
Q

List 2 differences between plant cells and animal cells

A

Plant
- Cell wall + cell membrane
- Chloroplast
- Large vacuole
- Rectangular
Animal
- Cell membrane only
- No chloroplast
- Small vacuole
- Round

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9
Q

The function of the Vacuole

A

The Vacuole is to store water, bigger in the plant cell for photo synthesis

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10
Q

The function of the Chloroplast

A

The Chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place, it’s what give plants is green colour (present in plant cells only)

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11
Q

The function of the Nucleus

A

The Nucleus holds genetic material and controls all the activity of the cell
there are four parts: the Nuclear Pore, Nuclear Envelope, Nucleoplasm, & Nucleolus

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12
Q

The function of the Cell Membrane

A

The Cell Membrane is the exterior of the cell, it holds the cell together. It controls the passage of the materials in and out of the cell.

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13
Q

The function of the Cell Wall

A

The cell wall is found in the plant cell, its made of cellulose and gives the cell it’s shape
(present in the plant cell only)

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14
Q

The function of the Lysosomes

A

The Lysosomes is the digestive system of the cell, it digest or hydrate dead parts of the cell

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15
Q

The function of the Cytoplasm

A

The Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that surrounds and protects the cell organelles

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16
Q

The function of the Peroxisomes

A

The peroxisomes Metabolize fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

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17
Q

The function of the Mitochondria

A

The Mitochindria is the power house of the cell, it supplies the cell with energy

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18
Q

The function of the Actin Filaments

A

The Actin Filaments are Long fibres that help the movement and shape of the cell

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19
Q

The function of the Cilia and Flagella

A

The Cilia are small hairs on the surface of a cell, Flagella is one long tail like structure on the cell, The both help move the cell

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20
Q

The function of the Centrioles

A

The Centrioles organize the spindle fibers
(present in animal cells)

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21
Q

The function of the Cytoskeleton

A

The Cytoskeleton transports substances in the cell and gives the cell shape while organizing spindle fibre

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22
Q

The function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

The Golgi Apparatus stores, modifies and prepares proteins

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23
Q

The function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in synthesis and transportation of proteins. there is the Smooth ER and Rough ER which has Ribosomes on it

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24
Q

The function of the Ribosomes

A

The Ribosomes are involved in the production of protein

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25
The function of the Vessicles
The Vessicles store and transport substances that are made in the Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Cell Membrane
26
What are Procaryotic cells characteristics
-Naked loop DNA, Cytoplasm in nucleoid region -No mitochondria, cell surface enfolds the mesosomed to carry out the energy -smaller in size (70s) -Few or no organelle bound by a single membrane
27
What are Eurkaryotic cells characteristics
-Strands of DNA, protein in the cell membrane protected by the double layer -mitochondria present -larger in size (80s) -many cell organelles present
28
What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eurkaryotic cell
Prokaryotic -Naked loop DNA, Cytoplasm in nucleoid region -No mitochondria, cell surface enfolds the mesosomed to carry out the energy -smaller in size (70s) -Few or no organelle bound by a single membrane Eukaryotic -Strands of DNA, protein in the cell membrane protected by the double layer -mitochondria present -larger in size (80s) -many cell organelles present
29
Properties of viruses
-No cellular compoents -Can not move -Reproduced in host cell -2 main parts protein coat (capsule) DNA/RNA Extremely small
30
Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) properties
-RNA in protein coat -Makes DNA from Virused RNA -DNA inserts into host DNA -Proteins come from DNA -Virus comes from proteins -Virus release from cell AIDS = HIV HIV ≠ AIDS
31
Prokaryotic cell shapes: Bacillus
Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria single, double, or chains
32
Prokaryotic cell shapes: Coccus
Coccus: Spherical Shape Pairs, chains or Clusters
33
Prokaryotic cell shapes: Spirilla
Spirilla: long twisted rigid rods or spirochetes Flexible/ spiral
34
What is Exocytosis
Exocytosis is when material EXITS through the cell membrane
35
What is Endocytosis
Endocytosis is when material ENTERS through the cell membrane
36
What are the 3 main parts of the Bacteria cell envelope
1.Plasma membrane 2. cell wall 3. glycocalyx
37
What is the function of the glycocalyx
The glycocalyx is the layer on the outside of the cell wall, it's function is to prevent dehydration
38
What is the function of the membrane proteins
-Hormone binding sites -Immoblilzes enzymes -Sticks groups of cells in tissues and organs together -Cell to cell communication -Channels for passive transport -Pumps for active transport
39
What is the Membrane composition
Hydrophilic heads- water loving Hydrophobic tails- water hating
40
Amphipathic Definition
Amphipathic is having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties (water loving + water hating components)
41
Active transport definition
"against concentration gradient" Means moving from [ low ] to [ high ]
42
Actice transport requires energy call ___
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
43
What are the 2 types of Passive transport
1. Osmosis 2. Diffusion
44
what is the difference between Osmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis- transportation of water Diffusion- transportation of particles
45
What are the 3 types of Osmosis
1. Isotonic 2. Hypotonic 3.Hypertonic
46
True or False Solids can not diffusion through the membrane
True: The membrane is Semi permeable therefore solids are to big to move through it, solids have to go through the protein channels to pass through
47
Define Isotonic
Isotonic is when the external concentration is the same as the internal concentration
48
Define Hypotonic
Hypotonic is when the external concentration is LESS than the internal concentration
49
Define Hypertonic
Hypertonic is when the external concentration is HIGHER than the internal concentration
50
Mitosis Properties
-Splits once -Asexual reproduction -Somactic cell created -Genetically identical -Diploid (2n) -2 cells
51
Meiosis properties
-Splits twice -Sexual reproduction -Gametes (egg+sperm/ Pollen+ouvles) -Not genetically identical -Haploid (n) -4 cells
52
what are 3 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis -Splits once -Asexual reproduction -Somactic cell created -Genetically identical -Diploid (2n) -2 cells Meiosis -Splits twice -Sexual reproduction -Gametes (egg+sperm/ Pollen+ouvles) -Not genetically identical -Haploid (n) -4 cells
53
What is the order of Mitosis
1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis
54
What do Stem cells treat
Stem cells treat Leukemia and stargardt
55
What are Stem cells
Stem cells are cells that don't know what they want to be
56
Where are Stem cells found
Stem cells are found in bone marrow, umbilical cord, and Embryos
57
What are is 1 pro and 1 con of bone marrow stem cells
Pro -Less chance of malignant cells forming than with embryonic -Fully compatible with adults tissue -Removal of stem cell do not kill the adult Con -Difficult to get as there are few of them and they are buried deep in the tissue -Less growth potential than embryonic cells -Limited capacity to differentiate
58
What are is 1 pro and 1 con of Cord blood
Pro -Easily obtained and stored -Commercial collection and storage are readily available -Perfectly compatible Con -Limited capacity to differentiate (only naturally develoup into blood cells) -Limited quantities from one's own cord
59
What are is 1 pro and 1 con of Embryo
pro -Almost unlimited growth potential -Less chance of genetic damage Con -More risk of becoming tumour cells -Likely to be genetically different from the adult receiveing them -Can only take a few cells
60
How many chromosomes does each everyone have
Everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total). They get 23 from their mom and 23 from their dad

IB Biology 111 (4 decks)

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