Cell biology Flashcards
What does a nucleus do
Controls the cell and contains genetic information
What happens in the cytoplasm
Chemical reactions
What’s the purpose of a cell membrane
Controls what enters and exits the cell and creates the shape of the cell.
Describe vacuole
Helps to support cell , contains cell sap
Tell me 2 things about chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll, absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
Cell walls , what do you know?
If you said filled with cellulose and supports the cell… good job
List what an animal cell contains
Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Function of a ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis
Function of mitochondrion
Aerobic respiration
List what a plant cell contains
Nucleus, vacuole , mitochondria, chloroplast, cell membrane , cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes.
What does a fungal cell contain
Cytoplasm , cell membrane , cell wall , mitochondria, vacuole ,ribosomes.
True of false
The cell wall in a fungal cell is made of cellulose ?
False .
What is in a bacterial cell
Cell membrane, plasmid , circular bacterial chromosome, cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosome.
What does a bacterial cell have that none of the others have?
Plasmid
What does the cell membrane consist of?
Proteins and phospholipids
True of false
Passive transport requires energy
False
True or false
The cell membrane is selectively permeable
True
True or false
During diffusion glucose moves in the cell, oxygen moves in, carbon dioxide moves out
True
What would happen if a plant cell was placed into pure water?
Become turgid
What would happen if a plant cell was placed in high concentration of sucrose?
Plasmolysed
What happens to a animal cell in pure water?
Bursts , as it has no cell wall for support.
What happens to an animal cell in high concentration of sucrose?
Cell shrinks as water moves out of the cell
Describe dna
Double stranded helix held by complementary base pairs.
DNA carries the genetic information for making proteins.
What determines amino acid sequence in a a protein
Order of bases
What’s a gene
Section of dna which codes for a protein
Tell me about mRna
-the molecule which carries a complementary copy of genetic code from the dna in the nucleus.
- then to the ribosome where the proteins are assembled from amino acids.
What are proteins?
-long chains of amino acids.
- order of them detrimental the type of protein made.
-
Name protiens
Structural , hormones , antibodies, receptors , enzymes (SHARE)
Function of structural
Gives support to cellular structures like membranes.
Function of hormones
Chemical messengers that carry specific messages through bloodstreams.
Function of antibodies
Made by white blood cells o protect body from disease.
Function of receptors
Proteins that allow cells to recognise specific substances
Function of enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions in the cell and remain unchanged at the end.
Enzyme controlled reaction example.
Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide - catalase - water + oxygen
Enzymes structure
Enzymes have an active site. The active site shape is complementary to its specific substrate.
Degradation reaction
Starch ( substrate) - amylase (enzyme) - maltose (product)
Synthesis reaction
Glucose -1- phosphate ( substrate) - phosphorylase ( enzyme ) - starch (product)
When is an enzyme most active
Optimum conditions
Two factions that effect enzyme activity
Temperature, PH
Describe what happens to an enzyme at very high temperatures
Active site changes shape so the substrate can no longer bind. ( denatured )
Stages of genetic engineering
1- identify dna that contains required gene .
2. Extract required gene.
3.extract plasmid from bacterial cell.
4.insert required gene into bacterial plasmid.
5.instead plasmid into host bacterial cell.
What is the energy realised from the breakdown of glucose used to generate?
ATP
Stage 1 of respiration
- Breakdown of glucose,
Glucose broken down into two pyruvate producing 2 ATP.
Stage 2 of respiration
- Further breakdown of pyruvate depends on wether oxygen is present on not.
Does stage 1 of respiration require oxygen
No
Where does the first stage of respiration take place
Cytoplasm
Where does stage 2 respiration take place?
Mitochondria
True or false
In animal cells the absence of oxygen and glucose is broken into pyruvate and lactate
TRUE
True or false
In plants cells the absence of glucose and oxygen are broken into carbon dioxide and ethanol
TRUE
