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Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does a nucleus do

A

Controls the cell and contains genetic information

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2
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm

A

Chemical reactions

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3
Q

What’s the purpose of a cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell and creates the shape of the cell.

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4
Q

Describe vacuole

A

Helps to support cell , contains cell sap

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5
Q

Tell me 2 things about chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll, absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

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6
Q

Cell walls , what do you know?

A

If you said filled with cellulose and supports the cell… good job

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7
Q

List what an animal cell contains

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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8
Q

Function of a ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Function of mitochondrion

A

Aerobic respiration

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10
Q

List what a plant cell contains

A

Nucleus, vacuole , mitochondria, chloroplast, cell membrane , cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes.

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11
Q

What does a fungal cell contain

A

Cytoplasm , cell membrane , cell wall , mitochondria, vacuole ,ribosomes.

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12
Q

True of false
The cell wall in a fungal cell is made of cellulose ?

A

False .

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13
Q

What is in a bacterial cell

A

Cell membrane, plasmid , circular bacterial chromosome, cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosome.

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14
Q

What does a bacterial cell have that none of the others have?

A

Plasmid

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15
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Proteins and phospholipids

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16
Q

True of false
Passive transport requires energy

A

False

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17
Q

True or false
The cell membrane is selectively permeable

A

True

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18
Q

True or false
During diffusion glucose moves in the cell, oxygen moves in, carbon dioxide moves out

A

True

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19
Q

What would happen if a plant cell was placed into pure water?

A

Become turgid

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20
Q

What would happen if a plant cell was placed in high concentration of sucrose?

A

Plasmolysed

21
Q

What happens to a animal cell in pure water?

A

Bursts , as it has no cell wall for support.

22
Q

What happens to an animal cell in high concentration of sucrose?

A

Cell shrinks as water moves out of the cell

23
Q

Describe dna

A

Double stranded helix held by complementary base pairs.

DNA carries the genetic information for making proteins.

24
Q

What determines amino acid sequence in a a protein

A

Order of bases

25
Q

What’s a gene

A

Section of dna which codes for a protein

26
Q

Tell me about mRna

A

-the molecule which carries a complementary copy of genetic code from the dna in the nucleus.
- then to the ribosome where the proteins are assembled from amino acids.

27
Q

What are proteins?

A

-long chains of amino acids.
- order of them detrimental the type of protein made.
-

28
Q

Name protiens

A

Structural , hormones , antibodies, receptors , enzymes (SHARE)

29
Q

Function of structural

A

Gives support to cellular structures like membranes.

30
Q

Function of hormones

A

Chemical messengers that carry specific messages through bloodstreams.

31
Q

Function of antibodies

A

Made by white blood cells o protect body from disease.

32
Q

Function of receptors

A

Proteins that allow cells to recognise specific substances

33
Q

Function of enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions in the cell and remain unchanged at the end.

34
Q

Enzyme controlled reaction example.
Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

A

Hydrogen peroxide - catalase - water + oxygen

35
Q

Enzymes structure

A

Enzymes have an active site. The active site shape is complementary to its specific substrate.

36
Q

Degradation reaction

A

Starch ( substrate) - amylase (enzyme) - maltose (product)

37
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Glucose -1- phosphate ( substrate) - phosphorylase ( enzyme ) - starch (product)

38
Q

When is an enzyme most active

A

Optimum conditions

39
Q

Two factions that effect enzyme activity

A

Temperature, PH

40
Q

Describe what happens to an enzyme at very high temperatures

A

Active site changes shape so the substrate can no longer bind. ( denatured )

41
Q

Stages of genetic engineering

A

1- identify dna that contains required gene .
2. Extract required gene.
3.extract plasmid from bacterial cell.
4.insert required gene into bacterial plasmid.
5.instead plasmid into host bacterial cell.

42
Q

What is the energy realised from the breakdown of glucose used to generate?

A

ATP

43
Q

Stage 1 of respiration

A
  1. Breakdown of glucose,
    Glucose broken down into two pyruvate producing 2 ATP.
44
Q

Stage 2 of respiration

A
  1. Further breakdown of pyruvate depends on wether oxygen is present on not.
45
Q

Does stage 1 of respiration require oxygen

A

No

46
Q

Where does the first stage of respiration take place

A

Cytoplasm

47
Q

Where does stage 2 respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

True or false
In animal cells the absence of oxygen and glucose is broken into pyruvate and lactate

A

TRUE

49
Q

True or false
In plants cells the absence of glucose and oxygen are broken into carbon dioxide and ethanol

A

TRUE

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