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GCSE Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Jelly-like substance where reactions in the cell take place
  • Contains dissolved nutrients
  • Site of anaerobic respiration
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2
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Contains cell’s genetic material
  • Controls cell activity
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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls what substances leave and enter the cell

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contain green pigment (chlorophyll) which absorb light for photosynthesis

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7
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Supports and structures the cell
  • Made of cellulose
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8
Q

Permanent Vacuole

A
  • Contains cell sap to keep the cell turgid
  • Cell sap is a mix of sugars, salts and water
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9
Q

Plasmids

A
  • Additional circular piece of DNA
  • Transfers genetic material from one cell to another
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10
Q

Flagellum

A

Rotates or moves in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium

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11
Q

Structures in an Animal Cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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12
Q

Structures in a Plant Cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Wall
  • Permanent Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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13
Q

Structures in Bacteria

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasmids
  • Circular DNA Strand
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14
Q

Structures of a Light Microscope

A
  • Base
  • Arm
  • Light source
  • Stage
  • Objective Lens (x3)
  • Eyepiece
  • Coarse and Fine Focusing Knobs
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15
Q

How does a Light Microscope Work?

A
  • Light hits the mirror under the stage
  • It’s reflected up through the object
  • Light passes through eyepiece lens into the eye
  • The lens spreads out the light rays so the image appears larger than the object
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16
Q

Object

A

The real object/sample you are looking at on the stage

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17
Q

Image

A

The image that is seen through the microscope lens

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18
Q

Magnification

A

How many times larger the image is than the object

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19
Q

Magnification Equation

A

Size of Image/Size of Real Object

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20
Q

Resolution

A
  • The shortest distance between 2 points on an object that can still be distinguished by 2 different entities
  • (Measure of how detailed an image is)
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21
Q

Direction light rays travel

A

Light source ➔ stage➔ microscope slide ➔
object ➔ objective lens ➔ body tube ➔ eyepiece lens ➔ eye

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22
Q

Advantages of Light Microscopes

A
  • Smaller
  • Easier to use
  • Relatively cheap
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23
Q

Disadvantages of Light Microscopes

A
  • Rely on light (which has a 2um wavelength)
  • Resolution is only 2um
  • Finer details will appear blurry
  • Not useful when studying subcellular structures
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24
Q

Advantages of Electron Microscopes

A
  • Use electrons (which have a 0.1nm resolution)
  • Maximum resolution is 0.2nm
  • 2000x better resolution than electron microscopes
  • Can be used to study subcellular structures
25
Q

Disadvantages of Electron Microscopes

A
  • Very big
  • Harder to use
  • Very Expensive
26
Q

Nanometres to Micrometres (and vice versa)

A

-nm-um is ÷1000
- um-nm is x1000

27
Q

Micrometres to Millimetres (and vice versa)

A

-um-mm is ÷1000
- mm-um is x1000

28
Q

Millimetres to Centimetres (and vice versa)

A
  • mm to cm is ÷10
  • cm-mm is x10
29
Q

Centimetres to Metres (and vice versa)

A
  • cm-m is ÷100
  • m-cm is x100
30
Q

Metres to Kilometres (and vice versa)

A
  • m-Km is ÷1000
  • Km-m is x1000
31
Q

Size of an atom

A

0.1-0.5nm

32
Q

Size of glucose

A

1mn

33
Q

Size of Viruses

A

100nm

34
Q

Size of Bacteria

A

1um

35
Q

Size of Animal/Plants Cells

A

1-100um

36
Q

Width of Human Hair

A

100um

37
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The series of stages a cell goes through as it grows and divides

38
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle (in order)

A
  • Growth
  • Mitosis
  • Repair
39
Q

Growth (Cell Cycle)

A
  • Cell increases in size
  • Number of subcellular structures (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes) increase
  • DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
40
Q

Mitosis (Cell Cycle)

A
  • 1 set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
  • Nucleus divides
41
Q

Division (Cell Cycle)

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 different cells

42
Q

Why does the body need a continuous supply of cells?

A
  • Growth (more cells are needed as we grow)
  • Development (more cell types are needed as we grow)
  • Repair (to replace the cells we lose each day)
43
Q

Process of Mitosis

A
  • DNA condenses to form chromosomes
  • Chromosomes line up along the centre of cells
  • Cell fibres pull the two arms of each chromosome to opposite sides of cell
  • Cell divides to form two identical daughter cells
44
Q

Binary Fission

A

Process where prokaryotic organisms divide and replicate

45
Q

Binary Fission Process

A
  • Cell grows and replicates its genetical material
  • Circular strands of DNA move to the opposite ends of the cell
  • Plasmids are arranged randomly between the 2 sides
  • A new cell wall grows down the middle of the cell and the new cells pull apart
46
Q

Conditions for optimal Binary Fission

A
  • Warm
  • Moist
  • Plenty of nutrients
47
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that differentiate into other cells

48
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A
  • Can differentiate into any type of cell
  • Collected from embryos
49
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A
  • Can only differentiate into a limited amount of specialised cells
  • Found in bone marrow
  • Replaced damaged cells to keep us alive
50
Q

Plant Stem Cells (Meristem Tissue)

A
  • Found in areas of a plant that are continually growing (tips of roots and shoots)
  • Differentiate as the plant grows
  • Persist throughout the plant’s life, unlike embryonic stem cells
51
Q

Specialised Cells

A

Cells with unique structures and functions in the body

52
Q

Sperm Cell

A
  • Role: Delivers genetic material to an egg cell to fertilise it
  • Flagellum allows cell to swim through the uterus and fallopian tube to reach the egg
  • Streamline head (same reason as flagellum)
  • Lots of mitochondria provide energy for movement
  • Digestive enzyme in the head to infiltrate egg cell
53
Q

Egg Cells

A
  • Role: Fuse with sperm cell to form a zygote
  • Cytoplasm contains nutrients for embryo growth
  • Cell membrane changes after fertilisation so no more than 1 sperm can enter
54
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • Role: Carry oxygen around the body for respiration
  • No nucleus to allow more room for oxygen
  • Flat disk for larger surface area
  • Biconcave for easier diffusion
  • Contain haemoglobin to bind to oxygen
55
Q

Nerve Cells

A
  • Role: Transmits electrical signals around the nervous system
  • Thin and very long to quickly carry impulses over large distances
  • Have a myelin sheath to increase the speed the impulse can travel at
56
Q

Muscle Cells

A
  • Role: Contract and relax
  • Lots of mitochondria for muscles to respire
  • Contain protein that slide over each other to make fibres contract
  • Can store glycogen that can convert to glucose for respiration
57
Q

Ciliated Cells

A
  • Role: Waft mucus up to the throat
  • Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell to move mucus in one direction
58
Q

Villi

A
  • Role: Absorb food and water into the bloodstream
  • Large surface area to increase diffusion rate
  • Thin 1 cell thick walls for short diffusion/osmosis distance
  • Cell lining has tiny hairs to absorb more food and water
59
Q

Differentiation

A
  • The process where cells become differentiated
  • Cells acquire different sub-cellular structures and change shape

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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