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GCSE Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Jelly-like substance where reactions in the cell take place
  • Contains dissolved nutrients
  • Site of anaerobic respiration
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2
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Contains cell’s genetic material
  • Controls cell activity
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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls what substances leave and enter the cell

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contain green pigment (chlorophyll) which absorb light for photosynthesis

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7
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Supports and structures the cell
  • Made of cellulose
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8
Q

Permanent Vacuole

A
  • Contains cell sap to keep the cell turgid
  • Cell sap is a mix of sugars, salts and water
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9
Q

Plasmids

A
  • Additional circular piece of DNA
  • Transfers genetic material from one cell to another
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10
Q

Flagellum

A

Rotates or moves in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium

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11
Q

Structures in an Animal Cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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12
Q

Structures in a Plant Cell

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Wall
  • Permanent Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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13
Q

Structures in Bacteria

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasmids
  • Circular DNA Strand
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14
Q

Structures of a Light Microscope

A
  • Base
  • Arm
  • Light source
  • Stage
  • Objective Lens (x3)
  • Eyepiece
  • Coarse and Fine Focusing Knobs
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15
Q

How does a Light Microscope Work?

A
  • Light hits the mirror under the stage
  • It’s reflected up through the object
  • Light passes through eyepiece lens into the eye
  • The lens spreads out the light rays so the image appears larger than the object
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16
Q

Object

A

The real object/sample you are looking at on the stage

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17
Q

Image

A

The image that is seen through the microscope lens

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18
Q

Magnification

A

How many times larger the image is than the object

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19
Q

Magnification Equation

A

Size of Image/Size of Real Object

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20
Q

Resolution

A
  • The shortest distance between 2 points on an object that can still be distinguished by 2 different entities
  • (Measure of how detailed an image is)
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21
Q

Direction light rays travel

A

Light source ➔ stage➔ microscope slide ➔
object ➔ objective lens ➔ body tube ➔ eyepiece lens ➔ eye

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22
Q

Advantages of Light Microscopes

A
  • Smaller
  • Easier to use
  • Relatively cheap
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23
Q

Disadvantages of Light Microscopes

A
  • Rely on light (which has a 2um wavelength)
  • Resolution is only 2um
  • Finer details will appear blurry
  • Not useful when studying subcellular structures
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24
Q

Advantages of Electron Microscopes

A
  • Use electrons (which have a 0.1nm resolution)
  • Maximum resolution is 0.2nm
  • 2000x better resolution than electron microscopes
  • Can be used to study subcellular structures
25
Disadvantages of Electron Microscopes
- Very big - Harder to use - Very Expensive
26
Nanometres to Micrometres (and vice versa)
-nm-um is ÷1000 - um-nm is x1000
27
Micrometres to Millimetres (and vice versa)
-um-mm is ÷1000 - mm-um is x1000
28
Millimetres to Centimetres (and vice versa)
- mm to cm is ÷10 - cm-mm is x10
29
Centimetres to Metres (and vice versa)
- cm-m is ÷100 - m-cm is x100
30
Metres to Kilometres (and vice versa)
- m-Km is ÷1000 - Km-m is x1000
31
Size of an atom
0.1-0.5nm
32
Size of glucose
1mn
33
Size of Viruses
100nm
34
Size of Bacteria
1um
35
Size of Animal/Plants Cells
1-100um
36
Width of Human Hair
100um
37
Cell Cycle
The series of stages a cell goes through as it grows and divides
38
Stages of the Cell Cycle (in order)
- Growth - Mitosis - Repair
39
Growth (Cell Cycle)
- Cell increases in size - Number of subcellular structures (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes) increase - DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
40
Mitosis (Cell Cycle)
- 1 set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell - Nucleus divides
41
Division (Cell Cycle)
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 different cells
42
Why does the body need a continuous supply of cells?
- Growth (more cells are needed as we grow) - Development (more cell types are needed as we grow) - Repair (to replace the cells we lose each day)
43
Process of Mitosis
- DNA condenses to form chromosomes - Chromosomes line up along the centre of cells - Cell fibres pull the two arms of each chromosome to opposite sides of cell - Cell divides to form two identical daughter cells
44
Binary Fission
Process where prokaryotic organisms divide and replicate
45
Binary Fission Process
- Cell grows and replicates its genetical material - Circular strands of DNA move to the opposite ends of the cell - Plasmids are arranged randomly between the 2 sides - A new cell wall grows down the middle of the cell and the new cells pull apart
46
Conditions for optimal Binary Fission
- Warm - Moist - Plenty of nutrients
47
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells that differentiate into other cells
48
Embryonic Stem Cells
- Can differentiate into any type of cell - Collected from embryos
49
Adult Stem Cells
- Can only differentiate into a limited amount of specialised cells - Found in bone marrow - Replaced damaged cells to keep us alive
50
Plant Stem Cells (Meristem Tissue)
- Found in areas of a plant that are continually growing (tips of roots and shoots) - Differentiate as the plant grows - Persist throughout the plant's life, unlike embryonic stem cells
51
Specialised Cells
Cells with unique structures and functions in the body
52
Sperm Cell
- Role: Delivers genetic material to an egg cell to fertilise it - Flagellum allows cell to swim through the uterus and fallopian tube to reach the egg - Streamline head (same reason as flagellum) - Lots of mitochondria provide energy for movement - Digestive enzyme in the head to infiltrate egg cell
53
Egg Cells
- Role: Fuse with sperm cell to form a zygote - Cytoplasm contains nutrients for embryo growth - Cell membrane changes after fertilisation so no more than 1 sperm can enter
54
Red Blood Cells
- Role: Carry oxygen around the body for respiration - No nucleus to allow more room for oxygen - Flat disk for larger surface area - Biconcave for easier diffusion - Contain haemoglobin to bind to oxygen
55
Nerve Cells
- Role: Transmits electrical signals around the nervous system - Thin and very long to quickly carry impulses over large distances - Have a myelin sheath to increase the speed the impulse can travel at
56
Muscle Cells
- Role: Contract and relax - Lots of mitochondria for muscles to respire - Contain protein that slide over each other to make fibres contract - Can store glycogen that can convert to glucose for respiration
57
Ciliated Cells
- Role: Waft mucus up to the throat - Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell to move mucus in one direction
58
Villi
- Role: Absorb food and water into the bloodstream - Large surface area to increase diffusion rate - Thin 1 cell thick walls for short diffusion/osmosis distance - Cell lining has tiny hairs to absorb more food and water
59
Differentiation
- The process where cells become differentiated - Cells acquire different sub-cellular structures and change shape

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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