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ABSITE Cell Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What increases plasma membrane fluidity

A

cholesterol

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2
Q

lipid bilayer contains

A

protein channels, enzymes, receptors

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3
Q

Inside compared to outside cells are neg or pos

A

negative

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4
Q

cells are negative inside due to membrane enzyme …

A

Na/K ATPase, Transports 3 Na out for every 2K in cell

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5
Q

Na/K ATPase transport creates

A

Na gradient

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6
Q

Na gradient function

A

co transport molecules needed by cells (eg na-glucose, Na-protein

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7
Q

Intracellular fluid made up of what cations

A

K (150 mEq/L, MC intracellular cation), Na (12 mEq/L extremely low Ca)

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8
Q

Intracellular fluid made up of what anions

A

protein (impermeable) and PO4, CL

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid made up of what cations

A

Na (140 mEq/L, MC extracellular cation), K (4 mEq/L

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10
Q

Extracellular fluid made up of what anions

A

Cl (MC extra cellular anion)

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11
Q

what is osmotic equilibrium

A

water moves from [low solute] to [high solute]

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12
Q

What type of cell membrane structure is ABO blood type

A

glycol-lipids on cell membrane serve as antigens

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13
Q

What type of cell membrane structure is HLA blood type

A

glycol-proteins on cell membrane serve as antigen

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14
Q

what type of cell membrane structures are desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

A

anchor cells (cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix molecules respectively)

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15
Q

what are tight junctions

A

occluding junctions that occur between cells - water impermeable barrier (eg epithelium of skin)

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16
Q

what are gap junctions

A

2 connexon subunits that connect cells to allow communication

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17
Q

Example of gap junctions

A

myocytes in heart (signal for myocardial contraction is passed between cells.

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18
Q

What are G proteins

A

type of GTPase intramembrane protein - transduce signal from receptor protein outside surface of membrane to a response enzyme on inside surface

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19
Q

what type of proteins are beta adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase

A

G proteins

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20
Q

what is a transmembrane receptor

A

receptor and response enzyme form a single unit that spans cell membrane.

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21
Q

what type of membrane structure are receptor tyrosine kinase for insulin like growth factor

A

transmembrane receptor

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22
Q

What is adenylate cyclase fx

A

synthesizes cAMP, a second messenger to activate various cell enzymes and processes

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23
Q

What is guanylate cyclase fx

A

synthesizes cGMP which serves as a second messenger to activate cell enzymes and processes

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24
Q

What is fx of tyrosine kinases (receptor and cytoplasmic types)

A

phosphorylate proteins at tyrosine residues causing activation or deactivation

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25
Q

What is fx of protein hormones that bind cell surface receptor

A

effect is rapid (eg epinephrine binding beta-1 adrenergic receptors in heart.

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26
Q

What type of membrane does nucleus have

A

bilayer lipid membrane, outer membrane continuous with rough RER

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27
Q

Where are ribosomes made

A

Nucleolus

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28
Q

where is nucleolus

A

found inside nucleus

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29
Q

what type of membrane does nucleolus have

A

it does not have a membrane

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30
Q

Describle transcription

A

DNA strand serves as a template for RNA polymerase, which synthesizes mRNA strands

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31
Q

Fx of transcription factors

A

bind DNA and induce transcription of genes

32
Q

MOA of steroid hormones

A

binds receptor in cytoplasm, then enters nucleus and acts as transcription factor (delayed effect, takes 1-2 hrs)

33
Q

MOA of thyroid hormone

A

binds receptor in nucleus, then acts as a transcription factor (delayed effect, 1-2hrs)

34
Q

what is NFkB

A

transcription factor

35
Q

what do initiation factors do

A

bind RNA polymerase and induce transcription of genes

36
Q

What are the building blocks of RNA and DNA

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

37
Q

guanine and adenine are purines or pyrimidines

A

purines

38
Q

cytosine, thymidine and uracil are purines or pyrimidines

A

pyrimidines

39
Q

Is thymadine only in DNA or RNA

A

DNA

40
Q

Is uracile only in DNA or RNA

A

RNA

41
Q

Describe translation

A

after synthesis, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm or RER and used as template by ribosomes to synthesis protein.

42
Q

Fx of a ribosome

A

have small and large subunits that read mRNA, bind transfer tRNAs that have attached amino acids, and make proteins

43
Q

Fx of DNA polymerase chain reaction

A

uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences

44
Q

What cell cycle phase is most variable, determines cell cycle lenghth, growth factors afect cell in this phase, and cells can go to quiescent or G0 from this phase

A

G1

45
Q

What cell cycle phase do cells divide

A

M (motosis)

46
Q

What cell cycle phase does protein synthesis, DNA replication (DNA polymerase), and cell is preparing for division, occur

A

S (synthesis)

47
Q

what cell cycle phase helps maintain genomic stability and stops cell from proceeding into mitosis if damage to allow repairs

A

G2 (G2 checkpoint)

48
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

chromosome alignment in middle of cell

49
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled apart

50
Q

what happens during prophase

A

centrosomes move to opposite endes, nucleus disapears, and mitotic apparatus forms (microtubules between centrosomes and centromeres)

51
Q

What happens during Telophase

A

separate nucleus re-forms around each set of chromosomes

52
Q

1 glucose generates how many ATP and pyruvate molecules during glycolysis

A

2ATP and 2pyruvate

53
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

54
Q

what is major site of ATP production

A

mitochondria which has 2 membranes

55
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur

A

mitochondria

56
Q

What happens during krebs cycle

A

2 pyruvate (from breakdown of glucose) create NADH, NADPH, and FADH which then enter the ETC withing the inner membrane to create ATP

57
Q

1 glucose produces how many ATP

A

36

58
Q

MOA of gluconeogenesis

A

lactic acid (ie cori cycle) and amino acids converted to glucose which occurs in cytoplasm

59
Q

largest organ site of gluconeogenesis

A

liver

60
Q

Free faty acids can or can not be used for gluconeogenesis

A

cannot because acetyl CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back to pyruvate

61
Q

Glycerol is breakdown product of

A

triacylglycerides which is used in gluconeogenesis

62
Q

MOA of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes proteins such as pancreatic acinar cells

63
Q

MOA of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid and steroid synthesis from adrenal cortex and detoxifies drugs in liver

64
Q

MOA of golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins with carbs, then transports to cell membrane, proteins are then secreted or targeted to lysosomes

65
Q

Fx of lysosome

A

contain digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles from phagocytosis and worn out organelles

66
Q

Fx of phagosome and endosome

A

phagosome engulfs large particles and fuses w/ lysosome, endosome engulfs small particles

67
Q

Fx of myosin thick filaments

A

uses ATP to slide along actin to cause muscle contraction (requires ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

Fx of actin thin filaments

A

interacts with myosin to cause muscle contraction

69
Q

Name intermediate filaments

A

keratin (hair and nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts)

70
Q

fx of microtubules

A

form cell structures (celia and axons), transport of organelles, and cell division (motosis)

71
Q

Fx of protein kinase C

A

intracellular enzyme activated by Ca and diacylglycerol DAG and phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins in signal transduction pathway

72
Q

Fx of protein kinase A

A

intracellular enzyme activated by cAMP, phosphrylates enzymes and proteins in signal transduction pathway

73
Q

MOA of gastric acid secretion signal transduction

A

Ach from vagus activates phospholipase creating PIP->DAG + IP3->Ca release->phosphorylase kinase increased HCl secretion. Histamine activates adenylate cyclase creating cAMP->protein kinase A->increasing HCl

74
Q

MOA of phosphorylase kinase

A

protein kinase A phosphorylates H/K ATPase to increase HCL secretion

75
Q

MOA of omeprazole

A

blocks H/K ATPase in parietal cell membrane (final pathway for H release)

76
Q

MOA of gastrin

A

targets parietal cells through enterochromaffin cell intermediary, releasing histamine which then stimulates parietal cells in paracrine manner

ABSITE Cell Biology (3 decks)

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