Cell Biology Flashcards
Eukaryotes cell
Animal + Plant Cell
Prokaryotes cell
Bacteria Cell
Cell membrane
Controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell
Nucleus
Contains genetic material/DNA and controls the cells activities
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration so they release energy for the cell.
Ribosomes
Where proteins are made
Cell wall
Made of cellulose. This makes it strong and allows it to maintain the shape of the cell.
Vacuole
A large sac in the middle of the cell that contains a watery solution of sugars and salts (cell sap). It helps maintain the structure and shape of the cell.
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place with energy from the sun. Contains a green pigment chlorophyll absorbs light energy to help with photosynthesis
Object
The real sample you are looking at
Image
What you see when you look down a microscope
Magnification
How many times larger the image is than the object
Resolution
The measure on how detailed an image is.
Name 3 advantages of a light microscope
- Easy to use
- Relatively cheap
- Rely on Light
Name 3 advantages of an electron microscope
- Uses electrons
- 2000x better than a light microscope
- Higher resolution
What are 3 reasons new cells are required?
- Growth
- Development
- Repair
Mitosis
Makes identical copies to help you grow
Cytokinesis
Splitting of cell membrane
What do stem cells do?
- Stem cells divide by mitosis to form more cells.
- Stems cells are able to differentiate into specialised cells.
What is a sperm and egg cell called?
Zygote
Where do you find adult stem cells?
Bone marrow
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of a high concentration to a low concentration
3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion
- Concentration gradient
- Temperature
- Surface area
What is a specialised cell?
Specialised cells have a specific role in the body to help fulfil that role they have
What is differentiation?
The process by which a cell changes to become specialised.
How is a sperm cell adapter for its role?
- Has a lot of mitochondria to provide energy for movement.
- It has a flagellum to allow it to swim to reach the egg.
- It has a head for the nucleus which carries genetic information.
Different kind of stem cells
Embryonic
- Can differentiate into any type of specialised cell
Adult stem cells
- Found in the bone marrow, can only differentiate into different types of blood cells
Osmosis
The net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a lower concentration.
Cell cycle
- Cell starts to divide
- Chromosomes make copies
- Chromosomes line up in the centre
- Spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart
- Cytokines ( cell membrane starts to divide.)
- Daughter cells are made
Pros and Cons of an Adult Stem Cell
- Taken from patient
- Won’t cause rejection to the body
- Can only differentiate into different types of blood cells
- Stem cells can be limited when you get older
Pros and cons of an embryonic stem cell
- Can differentiate into all types of cells
- More efficient
- Limited supply
- Some ethical issues (people believe that kills the embryo)
- Different genomes to patient
- Doesn’t always work
- Tries to destroy the stem cell as it defines them as foreign.
What blood does the blood pump in the RHS?
Deoxygenated blood
What blood does the LHS pump?
Oxygenated blood.
Why does the left ventricle have a thick wall?
It pumps blood to the whole body - high pressure
Coronary heart disease
- Causes heart failure
- Faulty valves
- Heart attacks
Pros and cons of stents in the heart
- Surgery is quick
- Lasts a long time
- Patient will have a blood clot
- Heart attacks
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without getting used up.
Capillary
Carries blood to and from the body’s cells.
Why is there high pressure in arteries?
It’s coming straight from the heart and quickly.
Platelets
Disc like structure, they help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.
Why does the red blood cell have no nucleus?
Carry more oxygen for space and to carry out more haemoglobin (iron.)
Red blood cell
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cell where is used in respiration.
White Blood Cell
Protecting the body against infections.
2 types of White Blood Cells
Phagocytes and Lymphocytes
Magnification of a microscope
Image = magnification x actual size
Layers of the arteries
Elastic fibres and muscles
Fibrous layer
Endothelium
Give two differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not.
Plants cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not.
