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Biology paper 1 > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

The type of microscopes that are used in school are …

A

Compound microscopes.

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2
Q

The compound microscope uses two scopes to magnify a specimen what are they

A

The eyepiece and the objective lens.

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3
Q

How would you prepare biological samples for viewing through a microscope? (6)

A
  • Place a small drop of water on the slide
  • gently place the cells on the slide using either forceps if the cells are solid or if they are found in a liquid use a cotton bud you may need to stain the cells to see them clearly.
    -Make sure when you place the second slide over the top of the bottom slide that there are no air bubbles left to make sure your sample is flat as well.
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4
Q

When was the first microscope invented what was it called and who was it invented by

A

In the 1590s by Dutch spectacle makers Janssen and it was called a compound microscope

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5
Q

The detail to see greater detail depends on the …

A

resolution

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6
Q

What is the field of view

A

All the area seen when looking through a microscope.

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7
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope

A

SEM’s and TEM’s

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8
Q

What are SEM’s used for

A

They are used to view the surface area of a structure

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9
Q

What are TEM’S used for

A

They are used to examine thin slices or sections of tissues

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10
Q

The role of mitochondria and what they contain to perform this

A

They contain enzymes for respiration and where most of the energy is released for respiration.

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11
Q

What is the role of the vacuole

A

It is filled with sap to keep the cell turgid

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12
Q

Chloroplasts role and how they perform it (2)

A

They perform photosynthesis which contains chlorophyll that absorbs light energy and contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

Cytoplasm role

A

It is a jelly-like substance and contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures organelles and it is where most chemical reactions happen.

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14
Q

What is the graticule used for

A

To measure the size of cells on a microscope.

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15
Q

What are two eukaryotic cells

A

Plants and Animal

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16
Q

Give three differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotes

A
  • Eukaryotic are considerably larger
  • Eukaryotic have mitochondria
    -Prokaryote’s DNA is just a single molecule
    -Prokaryotes multiply by binary fission, not mitosis.
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17
Q

Tell me four ways the sperm is adapted to its role. (4)

A
  • The head of the sperm can contain genetic material for fertilization
    -The acrosome in the head of the cell has enzymes that are used to penetrate the egg.
    -The middle piece is packed with mitochondria to release energy that is needed for swimming
    -The LONG tail also allows them to swim and makes them more streamlined
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18
Q

Job of nerve cell

A

Sending electrical impulses around the body.

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19
Q

Nerve cells have a long ….. that carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.

A

Axon

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20
Q

What are axons covered and what does it do

Also, what is it made of

A

Myelin insulated the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

Myelin is made of a fatty sheath

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21
Q

The end of the axon has a…

A

Synapse

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22
Q

Dendrites adds what to a nerve cell

A

Dendrites increase the surface area so that other nerve cells can connect more easily

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23
Q

Muscle cells can do what and why (3)

A

contract and relax, the reason why they can do this is that they contain protein fibers that can change their length.

When muscle contracts these protein fibers shorten and vice versa

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24
Q

Each section of a chromosome is called a (1)

A

gene

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25
Q

Cell cycle (6)

A
  • cell growth
    -DNA synthesis - chromosomes are now double stranded
    -Further growth + DNA is checked for errors
    -Mitosis
    -The cytoplasm separates; two cells are formed
    -Temporary cell resting period or the cell stops dividing
26
Q

Functions of mitosis (3)

A
  • Is essential for the growth and development of
    multicellular organisms.
    -Mitosis takes place when an organism repairs itself.
    -Mitosis happens during asexual reproduction
27
Q

How much is 1 order of magnitude (1)

A

times 10

28
Q

What is it called when cells are specialised (1)

A

Differentiation

29
Q

How are root hair cells more adaptive to their function (2)

A

-Increase surface area for more water and mineral absorption.
-Don’t contain chloroplasts cause no sunlight.

30
Q

Everything about xylem (6)

A

-They are dead cells forming long tubes
-They carry water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
-They have very thick walls containing lignin. Lignin provides support for the plant,
- Lignin is the reason why the xylem cells die.
-The cell’s end walls must be broken down so that the long tube can be created so that water and dissolved minerals can flow easily
-Xylem have no organelles which make it easier for water and minerals to flow
Only flow upwards

31
Q

Everything about phloem tubes (6)

A

Carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant

There are two types of Phloem cells.

  • One is the phloem vessel cells and they have no nucleus and limited cytoplasm.

-Another the end walls of the vessel cells have pores called sieve plates. These features allow dissolved sugars to move through the cell interior.

-Each phloem vessel cell has a companion cell connected by pores

  • Mitochondria in the companion cell provide energy
    to the phloem vessel cell.
32
Q

Small rings of DNA found in prokaryotic cells called … (!)

A

plasmids

33
Q

Resolution is (1)

A

The ability to see two or more objects as separate objects.

34
Q

Binary fission can occur as often as every (1)

A

20 minutes

35
Q

Magnification = (1)

A

size of image / size of real object

36
Q

What can bacteria be grown in (2)

A

a petri dish filled with agar at the bottom
they can be grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies.

37
Q

Why should you only have a max temp of 25 degrees? (1)

A

This reduces the likelihood of the growth of harmful bacteria

38
Q

Why do industries have a higher temperature when culturing bacteria. (2)

A

The bacteria have higher growth and more mutations occur. They binary fuse faster as well.

39
Q

What are stem cells, what can they do, and where are they found (3)

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells. They have not yet become specialised. This means they can divide to make different types of cells.

40
Q

When was the light microscope developed and what did it give

(3)

A

Invented in the late 16th century

gave a greater resolution than the human eye.

It allowed us to see plant and animal cells

41
Q

When was the electron microscope invented

A

1933

42
Q

What did electron microscopes help us with.

(4)

A

We could see the structures inside mitochondria and chloroplasts, which helped scientists find out how they work.

Ribosomes can be seen and their role in making proteins can be studied.

43
Q

Describe a practical light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant and animal cells.

and consideration mistakes and errors

(8)

A
  1. Place a tissue sampHarry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwartse on a microscope slide.
  2. Add a few drops of suitable stain
  3. Lower a cover slip onto a tissue
    4.Place the slide on the microscope stage and focus on the cells using low power.
  4. Change to high power and refocus
  5. Draw any types of cells that can be seen
  6. Add a scale of line to the diagram

The scale line can be added by focusing on the millimeter division of a ruler.

44
Q

Magnification of a micrscope =

A

magnification of eye piece lens * magnification of objective lens

45
Q

How would you prepare biological samples for viewing through a microscope? risks (2)

A

-Care must be taken when looking down the microscope if the illumination is too bright
-Care when using microscope stains
-Care when handling cover slips, microscope slides and mounted needles.

46
Q

Investigating cells with as light microscope steps (6)

A

Changing the power of magnification in line with the stage

Turn the coarse focus so that the stage is close to the objective lens as possible. You should not look through the microscope to do this.

Place the microscope slide - either one you have prepared, or a permanent slide on the stage. Line it up so that the specimen if you can see it is in the center of the stage, where the light assess through.

Focus the slide towards you by turning the coarse focus adjustment

Draw a low power image or record a digital image of what you see. Then rotate the objectives so that the high power objective is in line with the stage

47
Q

Investigating cells with as light microscope risks (2)

A

-Care must be taken when looking down the microscope if the illumination is too bright
-Care when using microscope stains
-Care when handling cover slips, microscope slides and mounted needles.

48
Q

A low power diagram is used:
(microscopes)

A

As a plan to show the arrangement of any distinct regions of the tissue.

To show the outline of individual cells that make up the tissue if the tissue is uniform.

49
Q

When and who made the first compound microscopes and what was there magnification

A

1590s a dutch spectacle makers Jansen experimented with putting lenses in tubes.

They are thought to have magnified from x3 to x9

50
Q

Advantages of using a SEM.

A

it has a large field of view so can examine the surface structures

51
Q

How could you measure a cell size through a microscope what instrument would you use

A

Graticule

52
Q

4 step process to measure a cell size

A
  1. Place a micrometer on the stage
  2. Line up one of the divisions on the eyepiece graticule with a fixed point on the stage micrometer
  3. Count the number of divisions on the graticule that correspond with a set measurement on the stage micrometer.
  4. Calculate the distance in micrometers of one division on the graticule.
53
Q

How are muscles adapted to their function

A

Muscles contain filaments of protein that slide over each other to cause muscle contraction.

They also contain many well-developed mitochondria

54
Q

Root hair cell adaptations

A

A large surface area to provide contact with soil water
It has thin walls to not restrict the water of movement

55
Q

Xylem adapations

A

There is a continuous column of water running through them. Their walls become thickened and woody. They therefore support the plant

56
Q

Phloem adaptions

A

Dissolved sugars and amino acids can be transported both up and down the stem. Companion cells, adjacent to the sieve tubes provide energy required to transport substances in the phloem

57
Q

Mitosis process (6)

A

-The cell begins to divide
-The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
-The nuclear membrane breaks down. The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
-One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides
-The cytoplasm and the cell membranes divide to form two identical cells/ daughter cells

58
Q

Length of time in phase (formula)

A

Length of time in phase = Observed number of cells at that stage/total number of cells observed * total length of time of cell cycle

59
Q

circulatory system specialized to

A

Transport substances defend the body regulate temperature

60
Q

Excretory system specialized to

A

Remove waste products and unwanted substances, regulate the water content of the body

61
Q

Muscular system specialized to

A

Bring about movement

62
Q

Nervous system specialized to

A

Respond to internal and external stimuli and conditions, carry messages for the body work as a coordinated whole

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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