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汉语一级 > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

ionic bonds are also known as

A

electrostatic interactions

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2
Q

because they depend on _____ on the R group, changes in ______ can disrupt ionic bonds

A

charge

pH

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3
Q

redox aka

A

reduction-oxidation

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4
Q

in redox reactions, what happens?

A

oxidation states of atoms are changed

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5
Q

redox reactions are characterised by the actual or formal transfer of _______ between chemical species

A

electrons

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6
Q

the reducing agent undergoes

A

oxidation

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7
Q

the oxidising agent undergoes

A

reduction

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8
Q

undergoing oxidation =

A

losing electrons

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9
Q

undergoing reduction =

A

gaining electrons

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10
Q

the reducing agent _______ electrons

A

loses

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11
Q

the oxidising agent ________ electrons

A

gains

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12
Q

the ______ agent loses electrons

A

reducing

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13
Q

the _____ agent gains electrons

A

oxidising

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14
Q

the chemical species from which the electron is removed is said to have been _______

A

oxidised

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15
Q

the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been ______

A

reduced

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16
Q

oxidation is the _____ of electrons or an _____ in oxidation state of an atom, ion, or certain atoms in a molecule

A

loss

increase

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17
Q

reduction is the _____ of electrons or a ______ in oxidation state of an atom, ion, or certain atoms in a molecule

A

gain

decrease
a reduction in oxidation state

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18
Q

compounds containing hydrogen which can be ionised to produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water are named as ____ when_______

A

acids

when they are dissolved in water

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19
Q

acids are

A

(aqueous-state) compounds which ionise in water to produce H+

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20
Q

addition of x electrons

A

reduction

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21
Q

[proteins’] primary structure

give basis of structure

A

AA sequence

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22
Q

[proteins’] secondary structure

give basis of structure

A

folding into alpha helices, beta pleated sheets, or random coils

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23
Q

[proteins’] tertiary structure

give basis of structure

A

3D folding

single polypeptide chain

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24
Q

[proteins’] quaternary structure

give basis of structure

A

basis: association of multiple polypeptides to form a multimeric protein

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25
Q

[proteins’] primary structure

give kinds of bonds/interactions involved

A

covalent peptide bonds

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26
Q

[proteins’] secondary structure

give kinds of bonds/interactions involved

A

hydrogen bonds between NH (amino group) and CO (carboxyl group) groups of peptide bonds in the backbone

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27
Q

[proteins’] tertiary structure

give kinds of bonds/interactions involved (give 5)

A 
disulphide bonds
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
van der Waals interactions
hydrophobic interactions
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28
Q

[proteins’] quaternary structure

give kinds of bonds/interactions involved (give 5)

A 
disulphide bonds
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
van der Waals interactions
hydrophobic interactions
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29
Q

first law of thermodynamics =

A

law of conservation of energy

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30
Q

first law of thermodynamics states

A

energy is conserved

in every physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant

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31
Q

energy may be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed.

which law said this

A

first law of thermodynamics

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32
Q

in every physical or chemical change, the total amt of energy in the universe ____________

A

remains constant

1st law thermodynamics

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33
Q

second law of thermodynamics states

A

reactions have directionality

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34
Q

favourable reactions are thermodynamically _________

A

spontaneous

2nd law thermodynamics

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35
Q

second law of thermodynamics =

A

thermodynamic spontaneity

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36
Q

thermodynamic spontaneity is a measure of whether or not a reaction or process ________________

A

can occur

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37
Q

reactions have directionality – which law states this?

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

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38
Q

what does it mean that reactions have directionality

A

they can proceed spontaneously in ONLY ONE DIRECTION

eg burning of a piece of paper – can it un-burn itself? no

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39
Q

in every physical or chemical change, the universe tends towards ______________________

A

greater disorder or randomness (entropy)

40
Q

universe tends towards entropy – which law states this?

A

2nd law thermodynamics

41
Q

define entropy

A

UNAVAILABILITY OF A SYSTEM’S THERMAL ENERGY FOR CONVERSION INTO MECHANICAL WORK

42
Q

The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature:

A

If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

43
Q

the first and second laws of thermodynamics prohibit

A

perpetual motion machines

44
Q

first law of thermodynamics prohibits this type of perpetual motion machine:

A

produces work with no energy input

45
Q

second law of thermodynamics prohibits this type of perpetual motion machine:

A

spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work

46
Q

second law of thermodynamics prohibits this type of perpetual motion machine:

A

spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work

47
Q

the second law of thermodynamics allows us to predict (2 things)

A
  1. in which direction a reaction will proceed
    (under certain conditions)
  2. how much energy will be released
48
Q

define eukaryote

A

having cell(s) with visible nucleus(i) surrounded by a nuclear membrane

49
Q

name four common small molecules in a cell (say human)

A

amino acids
aromatic bases
sugars
lipids

50
Q

aromatic bases are

A

5 or 6 carbon structures (aromatics)

nucleobases

51
Q

describe DNA or RNA in general terms (what are the two main structural components)

A

helix of sugar-phospates

nucleobases (which form base pairs)

52
Q

identify base pairs for DNA vs RNA

A

DNA - CG ; AT

RNA - CG; AU

53
Q

in RNA, uracil is traded for _______

A

thymine

54
Q

name the five possible aromatic bases

A 
adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine
uracil
55
Q

what’s a nucleic acid

A

many nucleotides linked in a long chain

e.g., DNA or RNA

56
Q

how many amino acids do humans use

A

20

57
Q

define essential amino acid

A

an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet

58
Q

how many amino acids are essential to humans (and what does this basically mean)

A

nine

basically humans can’t synthesise

59
Q

the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are:

A

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine.

60
Q

what’s the start codon?

A

AUG

methionine also an acceptable answer

61
Q

which amino acid is formed by the start codon?

A

methionine

62
Q

what is a conditionally essential amino acid? (humans)

A

their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress

63
Q

what are the six conditionally essential AAs?

A

arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline, and tyrosine.

64
Q

what is the 21st AA?

A

selenocysteine

65
Q

selenocysteine is an analogue of ______

except in place of sulphur it has _____

A

cysteine

selenium

66
Q

throughout known life, there are ____ genetically encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids

A

22

67
Q

which are used in (most) life, L-stereo-isomers, or D-stereo-isomers?

bonus: what’s the exception

A

L-stereo-isomers

bacterial cell walls

68
Q

L-stereo-isomers are

A

the left facing conformation

R-group to the left of COOH

69
Q

name five of the non-essential AAs

2 non-essentials are the 21st and 22nd AA

A 
alanine
aspartic acid
asparagine
glutamic acid
serine
70
Q

which three sugars are common in cells?

A

ribose
deoxyribose
glucose

71
Q

what is the component of starch in glycogen?*

A

glucose

72
Q

which two types of lipids are common in cells?

A

fatty acids

cholesterol

73
Q

fatty acids are components of (give two answers but they’re really one)

A

phospholipids

membranes

74
Q

generally speaking, name the strongest and second strongest types of bonds which have attractions over greater distances

A

covalent – strongest

ionic – second strongest (medium)

75
Q

in 3d protein structure, name

a) a type of strong, covalent bond
b) a type of medium bond
c) a type of weak bond
d) 2 types of weak interaction

A

a) disulphide bonds
b) ionic :)
c) hydrogen bonds

d) van der Waals
hydrophobic interactions

76
Q

enthalpy =

A

heat content

77
Q

heat content can be expressed using the term _____

A

enthalpy

78
Q

what are the components of the enthalpy expression (4)

A

(H) heat content
(E) internal energy
(P) pressure
(V) volume

79
Q

express enthalpy

A

H = E + PV

80
Q

catalysts work by

A

lowering activation energy

81
Q

what is the result of adding a catalyst to reaction?

A

increases reaction rate

82
Q

catalysts and substrates do what

A

form transient, reversible complexes together

83
Q

catalysts change the _________ at which equilibrium is achieved, not the _________ of the equilibrium

A

catalysts change the rate at which equilibrium is achieved, not the position of the equilibrium

84
Q

organic catalysts are called:

A

enzymes

85
Q

Acids are:

A

compounds which release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

86
Q

define polypeptide. give elemental basis for peptide bonding

A

a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type −OC−NH−

87
Q

components of plasma

A 
water
antibodies
fat
electrolytes
clotting factors
glucose
proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
hormones
co2
o2

NO:
WBCs are part of immune system and RBCs circulatory

88
Q

extracellular matrix does three essential things

A

structural support – protection, segregation, also cells bind to components of the ECM
keep liquid outside (px dessication and rupture)
communication between cells

89
Q

______ make collagen

______ make bone

A

fibroblasts

osteoblasts

90
Q

what kind of tissue is scar tissue

A

connective

91
Q

basal lamina is _______ the basement membrane

A

a part of

92
Q

diagram the body’s fluids

A

intracellular fluid: 67%

extracellular fluid:

  • interstitial: 26%
  • intravascular: 7%
  • CSF: <1%
93
Q

diagram the body’s fluids

A

intracellular fluid: 67%

extracellular fluid:

  • interstitial: 26%
  • intravascular: 7%
  • CSF: <1%
94
Q

what is the basal lamina?

A

part of ECM
secreted by epithelial cells
on which epithelial cells sit

electron-dense region

95
Q

association of multiple polypeptides =

A

multimeric protein

96
Q

define anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

late 19th century: from Greek anabolē ‘ascent’, from ana- ‘up’ + ballein ‘to throw’.

97
Q

define catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

late 19th century: from Greek katabolē ‘throwing down’, from kata- ‘down’ + ballein ‘to throw’.

汉语一级 (12 decks)

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