Cell Biology (1)

Question 1

what are the rules of cell theory?

Answer 1

1. living organisms are composed of cells
2. cells are the smallest unit of life
3. cells come from pre existing cells

Question 2

what are the exceptions to the cell theory? why are they exceptions?

Answer 2

1. Striated Muscle Cells, because they have multiple nuclei and are large
2. Giant Algae, are giant
3. Aseptate Fungi, are large and have multiple nuclei

Question 3

Functions of life in Unicellular Organisms

Answer 3

MR GREHN
m - metabolism
r - reproduction
g - growth
r - response
e - excretion
h - homeostasis
n - nutrition

Question 4

what is an emergent property

Answer 4

when multiple cells work together to produce a function that they cant make individually

Question 5

differentiation

Answer 5

when each cell is assigned a specific task which they carry out.

Question 6

stem cells

Answer 6

unspecialized cells. found in embryos and umbilical cords.

Question 7

stages of potential stem cells

Answer 7

totipotent (everything)
multipotent (multiple)
pluripotent (a few)
unipotent (one, fully specialized)

Question 8

Ethics of therapeutic use of stem cells

Answer 8

For
- your helping patients
- embryos are not alive/living yet
against
- no consent from babies
- feetus is a life ur killing

Question 9

examples of therapeutic stem cell use

Answer 9

1. stargardts disease, causes loss of vision through the deterioration of cells overtime.
2. Leukemia, cancer which comes from bone marrow

Question 10

light vs electron microscope

Answer 10

light
- you can see in colour
electron
- better resolution (the ability to distinguish between 2 objects)

Question 11

magnification calculations

Answer 11

magnification x _____
act size / image size

Question 12

scale bars

Answer 12

1000mm = 1m
1000um = 1 mm
1000nm = 1um

Question 13

binary fission

Answer 13

when a cell spits in 2. asexual reproduction

Question 14

the singer-nicolson model

Answer 14

they froze the cell and peeled it in half. revealed that it was bumpy. they know the protein is inside the membrane from this model

Question 15

cholesterol

Answer 15

reduces the fuidity and the permeability of the membrane

Question 16

Diffusion (simple vs facilitated)

Answer 16

the passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
simple
- standard
facilitated
- requires ATP

Question 17

osmosis

Answer 17

the movement of water through the cell membrane. (Diffusion)

Question 18

passive transport vs active transport

Answer 18

passive = no energy required
active = ATP required

Question 19

estimating osmolarity

Answer 19

percentage change = (final mass-initial mass)/initial mass x 100

Question 20

hypotonic vs hypertonic

Answer 20

hypo = saltier inside
hyper = saltier outside

Question 21

Active transport

Answer 21

pg 12

Question 22

pasteurs experiments

Answer 22

used swan necked flasks. put broth in both and bent the necks. boiled the broth to kill off any organism in 1 and left the other. no fungi appeared in the boiled one. no spontaneous generation occurred.

Question 23

the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 23

a large cell takes in a smaller cell using endocytosis. the smaller cell performs useful functions and divides alongside the larger cell. this process occurs 2 times during the origin of eukaryotic cells

Question 24

miotic index

Answer 24

used by doctors to predict how rapidly a tumour will grow.
number of cells in mitosis/tot. # of cells

Question 25

cyclin

Answer 25

ensure that tasks are performed at the correct time.
they bind to enzymes, and this causes other proteins to become active.

Question 26

the discovery of cyclins

Answer 26

was an accident by Tim Hunt, he noticed a protein that increased and decreased that corresponded with the cell cycle.

Question 27

Oncogenesis

Answer 27

the formation of tumours. starts with mutations in genes in the oncogenes. causes uncontrolled division