cell bio test 4 GI II and III BS

Question 1

4 layers of GI tube

Answer 1

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

Question 2

mucosa of GI tube

Answer 2

epithelium w/basal lamina, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Question 3

lamina propria of mucosa contains what/

Answer 3

connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic vessel endowment (segmental differences exist)

Question 4

how does muscularis mucosae of mucosa increase surface area of GI tube?

Answer 4

contraction of muscle wrinkles the mucosa, this increases the surface area

Question 5

describe the submucosa of GI tube

Answer 5

glands present in exophagus and duodenum, blood and lymphatics, submucosal or meissner’s plexus

Question 6

describe muscularis externa

Answer 6

two layers of smooth muscle, contraction=peristalsis, myenteric plexus

Question 7

What is the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

Answer 7

parasympathetic postganglionic neruons and sympathetic postganglionic fibers–regulates glands, blood flow, muscularis mucosae, and is sensory (mechano and chemo)

Question 8

What is myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus?

Answer 8

located in muscularis externa, parasympathetic postgangionic neurons and sympathetic postganglionic fibers, controls peristalsis

Question 9

What is achalasia?

Answer 9

damage to neurons in myenteric plexus causes constriction of LES. Limits passage of food into stomach

Question 10

what layer of the esophagus has stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium?

Answer 10

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

Question 11

Where are cardiac esophageal glands found in the esophagus?

Answer 11

lamina propria

Question 12

where are esophageal glands proper (seromucous) found?

Answer 12

submucosa

Question 13

What portion of muscularis externa is skeletal?

Answer 13

upper 5%

Question 14

what portion of muscularis externa is smooth muscle?

Answer 14

lower 50%

Question 15

adventitia or serosa? Thoracic or abdominal esophagus?

Answer 15

thoracic=adventitia, abdominal=serosa

Question 16

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

Answer 16

acid reflux causes remodeling of lower esophagus to make metaplastic columnar epithelium with goblet cells. This mucous is to protect esophagus from the acid. Goblet cells appear blue with PAS/acian blue stains. Needs to be monitored for adenocarcinomas!

Question 17

How will cancer spread in esophagus?

Answer 17

vertically

Question 18

regions of the stomach

Answer 18

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Question 19

Describe rugae of the stomach

Answer 19

longitudinal folds in undistended stomach, mucosa and submucosa form the folds

Question 20

describe mucosa of the stomach

Answer 20

surface epithelium-simple columnar, mucous cells; gastric pits; glands empty into gastric pits; gland regions-isthmus, neck and fundus; lymphatic vessels (very few) deep in lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

Question 21

muscularis externa of stomach

Answer 21

inner oblique layer of smooth muscle-only present in certain regions of the stomach; middle circular layer of smooth muscle-thickened at pylorus

Question 22

three regions of gastric glands

Answer 22

three regions: isthmus, neck and fundus (base)

Question 23

cells in isthmus region of gastric gland

Answer 23

surface epithelial cells-secrete mucus, parietal (oxyntic) cells-secrete HCL and intrinsic factor, stem cells

Question 24

cells in neck region of gastric gland

Answer 24

mucous, more parietal and less chief cells, some enteroendocrine

Question 25

cells in base region of gastric gland

Answer 25

chief (zymogenic) cells-secret pepsinogen, enteroendocrine cells, mucus, and few parietal cells

Question 26

describe unique part of cardia portion of stomach

Answer 26

short gastric pits, long glands in lamina propria

Question 27

unique part of pylorus

Answer 27

deep gastric pits, short glands, enteroendocrine cells (ex: G cells secrete gastrin)

Question 28

how does stomach epithelium defend itself against stomach environment?

Answer 28

mucus and bicarbonate layer, surface cells secrete those things, cell renewal, alkaline tide, microcirculation, sensory nerves, prostaglandins

Question 29

what is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 29

thickening of muscularis externa-mainly inner circular layer- at the gastroduodenal junction

Question 30

What structures increase surface area of small intestine?

Answer 30

plicae circulares (permanent circular folds of submucosa and mucosa), intestinal villi (processes of mucosa), microvilli

Question 31

what are the signature features of gluten enteropathy (celiac sprue)?

Answer 31

enterocytes in disarray, villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, inflammation of lamina propria

Question 32

mucosa of small intestine

Answer 32

basal lamina, mainly absorptive columnar cells with well-developed striated (brush) borders, goblet cells, intraepithelial T cells

Question 33

lamina propria of small intestinal mucosa

Answer 33

loose CT, intestinal glands, many blood and lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, leukocytes and plasma cells

Question 34

what are the cells types of the intestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn)?

Answer 34

paneth cells (secrete lysozyme, defensins, TNF alpha), enteroendocrine cells, stem cells toward base

Question 35

submucosa of small intestine

Answer 35

moderately dense CT, submucosal plexus, blood and lymph vessels

Question 36

What are Brunner's glands?

Answer 36

duodenal glands- secrete mucus and human epidermal growth factor--located in submucosa

Question 37

jejunum vs ileum

Answer 37

Wall of jejunum is thicker than ileum and jejunum is more richly vascularized; hence, jejunum is redder than ileum in a living person

Question 38

where are Peyer's patches?

Answer 38

ileum

Question 39

what are M cells

Answer 39

antigen transporting cells

Question 40

plicae circulares is in?

Answer 40

small intestine mucosa

Question 41

plicae semilunares where?

Answer 41

large intestine mucosa

Question 42

absence of mucosa--large or small intestine?

Answer 42

large

Question 43

Which has more intestinal glands? Large or small intestine

Answer 43

large

Question 44

Where are goblet cells more numerous?

Answer 44

more distal

Question 45

lamina propria of what GI area has no lymphatic channels?

Answer 45

large intestine

Question 46

where is the teniae coli?

Answer 46

large intestine

Question 47

What has lymphatic nodules in lamina propria and submucosa?

Answer 47

vermiform appendix

Question 48

What is fecalith?

Answer 48

a monolithic poop stuck in your appendix. Can cause appendicitis

Question 49

Rectum has what kind of folds?

Answer 49

longitudinal folds-temporary

Question 50

what is a plicae transveraes recti?

Answer 50

transverse rectal fold in rectum

Question 51

does rectum have teniae coli?

Answer 51

no, because they spread out and form a complete layer around muscularis externa

Question 52

below pectinate line?

Answer 52

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 53

where are anal cushions?

Answer 53

left lateral, right anterior, and right posterior

Question 54

what hurts, internal or external hemorrhoid?

Answer 54

external. Internal are not on skin, no pain receptors

Question 55

know about anal abscesses and fistula in ano

Answer 55

yep

Question 56

what is a false diverticula?

Answer 56

outpocketing of colonic wall--only involves mucosa and submucosa.

Question 57

what is more likely to develop adenocarcinoma? Tubular or villous adenoma?

Answer 57

villous

Question 58

What is ulcerative colitis?

Answer 58

only large intestine. inflammatory bowel disease that increases lymphatic densitiy

Question 59

Crohn's disease?

Answer 59

can be mouth to anus, all layers of wall, fistula may form

Question 60

Hirschprung's disease?

Answer 60

agangliosis of myenteric and submucosal plexuses--always involves rectum, but may involve more proximal segments