Cell Bio Flashcards
HIstone NOT in nucleorsome core
H1
condensed chromatin
heterochromatin
transcriptionally active chromatin
euchromatin (non condensed)
inactivates DNA
histone methylation
Purines
adenosine, guanine (PURe As Gold)
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thyamine, Uracil (CUT the PY)
amino acids needed for purine sythesis
Glycine, aspartate, Glutamine (GAG)
drug disrupting purine base production pathway
6-MP
drugs disrupting pyramidine base production
hydroxyurea, 5-FU, Methotrexate
megaloblastic anemia - unresponsive to B12/Folic acid, failure to thrive, no hyperammonenia
orotic aciduria (treat with oral uridine)
excess ATP and dATP imbalances nucleotide via feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Leads to
SCID
defective purine salvage owing to absence of HGPRT - leads to
Lesch-Nylan
retardation, self-multition, aggression, hyeruricemia, gout
Lesch-Nylan
mutation causing same amino acid to be produced
silent
mutation causing different amino acid to be produced
missense
mutation causing early stop codon to be produced
nonsense
mutation causing misreading of all downstream nucleotides downstream results in truncated, nonfunctioning protein
frameshift
unwinds DNA template at replication fork
helicase
relives supercoils
topoisomerases
joins Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
adds DNA to 3’ end of chromosomes ro avoid loss ot genetic material with duplication
telomerase
xeroderma pigmentosum has loss of
nucleotide excision repair
HNPCC has loss of
mismatch repair
ataxia telangiectaisa has loss of
nonhomologous end joining
direction of DNA synthesis
5’ to 3’
mRNA reading direction
3’ to 5’
energy source for DNA nucleotide bonds
triphosphate on the 5’ end of the incoming nucleotide
start codon
AUG
stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
promotor region on gene usually results in
dramatic loss of transcription
capped, tailed and spliced transcript ready to go
mRNA
contain the actual genetic info for protein coding
exons (exons spliced together make the mRNA
scrutinizes the amino acid before and after it binds to tRNA
aminoacyl tRNA synthtase
binds 30s subunit, preventing attachment of aminoacyl tRNA synthtase
tetracyclines
bind 30S and cause misreading of mRNA
aminoglycosides
bind 50S and inhibit peptidyl transferase
chloramphenicol
bind 50S and prevent release of uncharged tRNA
macrolides
inhibit G1 to S progression
P53 and hypophosphorylated Rb
labile cells
rapidly dividing, never go to GO
RER makes
secretory proteins
SER makes
Steroids, and detoxes drugs and poisons
cells most rich in RER
adrenal cortex and liver
Nissel bodies are similar to what organelle
RER
most be added to proteins to be trafficked to lysosomes
Mannose -6-phostphate
failure of Mannose 6 phosphate addition to lysosome proteins
I cell disease (
coarse facies, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosome enzymes
I cell disease
catabolizes very long fatty acids and amino acids
peroxisome
tags proteins for destruction
ubiquitin
antihelminthic that acts on microtubles
Mebandazole/thiabendazole
antifungal that acts on microtubles
griseofulvin
anticancer drug that acts on microtubles
vincristine/vinblastine
anti gout drug that acts on microtubles
cochicine
mutation on the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene
chediak-higashi syndrome
recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy
chediak-higashi syndrome
cause of kartagener’s
immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect
for each ATP consumed in the Na/K pump how many NA go out and K come in
3 Na/2K
directly inhibit Na K ATPase
digoxin/digitoxin
type 1 collegen in
bone, skin, tendon
defect in type I collegen
osteogenisis imperfecta
type II collagen in
cartilage, nucleus pulposus
defect in type III collegen
ehler’s Danos
type III collegen found in
reticulin - skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
type IV collegen found in
basement membrane
defect in type IV collegen
alport syndrome
scurvy interferes with
hydroxilation of specific proline and lysine residues
osteogenisis imperfecta interferes with
glycosylation of pro-a-chain hydroxylysine residues and formation of procollegen
Ehlers danos is problem with
crosslinking collegen
hyperextendible skin, easy brusing, hypermobile joints
ehlers-danos
pregressive nephritis and deafness - possible blindness
alport syndrome
defect in fibrillin
marfan’s
breaks down elastin
elastase
can cause emphysema
deficiency of a1-antitrypsin - resulting in excess elastase
southern blot looks for
DNA
northern blot looks for
RNA
Western Blot looks for
Protein
ELISA looks for
antigen (indirect) or antibody (direct)
FISH looks for
specifc gene of interest on chromosome
