Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations 1 > Cell Bio > Flashcards

Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

K+

A

Intracellular: 139, Extracellular: 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Na+

A

Intracellular: 5-15, Extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ca2+

A

Intracellular: <0.0002, Extracellular: 1.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cl-

A

Intracellular: 4-15, Extracellular: 116

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HCO3-

A

Intracellular: 12, Extracellular:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proteins (-)

A

Intracellular: 138, Extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Osmolarity

A

Intracellular: 287 mOsm, Extracellular: 287 mOsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pH

A

Intracellular: 7.06-7.13, Extracellular: 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fick’s Law of Simple Diffusion

A

F = (KA/x)*C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Rapid over short distances Requires no energy, no proteins Permeability constant is directly proportional to lipid solubility, inversely proportional to size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ion channels

A

Gated (ligand, voltage, mechanical) Selective based on size, chemical nature Fastest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Molecule binds to protein, causing conformational change, binding affinity decreases, cargo is released on other side of membrane Saturatable Slower than channels Bi-directional Dependent on concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Uses ATP hydrolysis as energy source Works against concentration gradient Ex. Na-K- ATPase pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in) Saturatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses Na+ gradient as energy source Saturatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symport

A

Secondary active transport, Na+ in, glucose/AAs in (against concentration gradients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antiport

A

Secondary active transport, Na+ in, Ca2+/H+ out (against concentration gradients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Water flows from high to low pressure (generally out of blood vessels and into cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Water flows from low to high solute concentration (generally out of cells and into blood vessels b/c of higher protein concentration in plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

Same concentration as extracellular fluid (no volume change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Cell is in higher concentration than normal extracellular fluid (movement of water out of cell, cells shrivel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Cell is in lower concentration than normal extracellular fluid (movement of water out of cell, cells swell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tissue Edema

A

High BP in capillaries, low plasma protein concentration –> lower osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nernst Equation

A

60 log (Co/Ci) Exactly equal and opposite to concentration gradient for a given ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70 to -90 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Non-specific Cell membrane invaginates to form vesicle that encloses a bit of ECF and whatever is dissolved in it (ions, small molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Non-specific Specialized cells extend pseudopodia to engulf large particles or cells, vesicles form phagosomes, which merge w/ lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Highly specific Molecules (ligands) bind to specific protein receptors in cell membranes, areas invaginate, Adaptin acts as a linker between membrane protein and clathrin Dynamin and other proteins wrap around neck of forming vesicle and aid in its pinching off from source membrane Clathrin is released from vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

v-SNARE

A

Found on vesicle membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

t-SNARE

A

Found on target membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Rabs

A

GTPases that facilitate and regulate vesicle docking and association of t- and v-SNAREs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Endosomes

A

Membrane-bound compartments in which endocytosed material is sorted, then sent to different regions of the cell pH of 5 (late endosomes) to 6 (early endosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Primary site of intracellular digestion Contain degradative enzymes including proteases, nucleases, lipases, phosphatases, glycosidases (all acid hydrolases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Autophagy

A

Damaged or senescent organelles are surrounded by membrane and delivered to lysosomes for degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Constitutive secretion

A

Unregulated vesicle fusion and exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Regulated secretion

A

Regulated membrane fusion and exocytosis via response to stimulus/signal (like hormone or NT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lipid rafts

A

Cholesterol, sphingolipids, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Composition of lipid membrane

A

Phosphatidylcholine (outside) Sphingomyelin (outside) Phosphatidylethanolamine (inside) Phosphatidylserine (inside) Phosphatidylinositol (inside) Glycolipids (outside)- minor Cholesterol restricts movement, increase rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

alpha-helices

A

Transmembrane proteins Most common form of proteins Amphiphatic Single pass or multipass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

beta-barrels

A

Transmembrane proteins Multipass Rigid Usually restricted to mitochondrial membranes Pore-forming

40
Q

Band 3

A

Anion membrane transport protein in RBCs

41
Q

Aquaporin

A

Water membrane transport protein in RBCs

42
Q

GLUT 1

A

Glucose membrane transport protein in RBCs

43
Q

Kidd antigen protein

A

Urea membrane transport protein in RBCs

44
Q

RhAG

A

Gas membrane transport protein in RBCs

45
Q

Spectrin

A

Most abundant protein in RBC skeleton Forms long, flexible heterodimers (association of alpha and beta chains)

46
Q

Junctional complex

A

Complex of f-actin, protein 4.1, and actin-binding proteins dematin, adductin, tropomyocin, and tropomodulin in RBC Bound to spectrin

47
Q

Ankyrin

A

Couples spectrin to Band 3 in RBC skeleton

48
Q

Protein 4.1

A

Couples junctional complex to Glycophorin C in RBC skeleton

49
Q

Regulate RBC deformability

A

Geometry (SA:V) Cytoplasm viscosity (hemoglobin) Deformabliity of membrane

50
Q

Mitochondria (function)

A

Generate ATP Regulate concentration of certain ions in cytoplasmic matrix

51
Q

Cytochrome c

A

Protein in intermembrane space Associated w/ cell death

52
Q

Products of soluble enzymes in mitochondrial matrix

A

CO2 and NADH

53
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Maintains proton gradient Consists of: - NADH dehydrogenase complex - Ubiquinone - Cytochrome b-c1 complex - Cytochrome c - Cytochrome oxidase complex

54
Q

Chemiosmotic coupling

A

Movement of H+ back into matrix causes generation of ATP within ATP synthase enzyme

55
Q

Mitochondria DNA (structure)

A

Closed circular molecule Encodes 13 enzymes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs used in translation Possess complete system for protein synthesis

56
Q

White adipose tissue (function)

A

Metabolic energy storage, insulation, cushioning, hormone production, source of metabolic water

57
Q

Brown adipose tissue (function)

A

Thermogenesis (heat production)

58
Q

Insulin

A

2 chain polypeptide, A and B chains held together by disulfide bonds

Produced in B-cells (central) in islets of Langerhans in endocrine pancreas

Long term weight regulation

Acts on liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Stimulates uptake of glucose from circulation

Stimulates glycogen synthesis

Stimulates glycolysis

Stimulates glycerol synthesis

Inhibits lipase activity

Stimulates uptake of AAs into cells

Inhibits protein catabolism

Stimulated by: blood glucose levels above 70 mg/dL, certain AAs, increased FA levels, circulating gastrin, CCK, secretin, parasympathetic stimulation, incretins (GIP, GLP-1)

Inhibited by: decreased in blood glucose level, sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine

59
Q

Angiotensin

A

Synthesized in lver Contributes to hypertension

60
Q

Adiponectin

A

Hormone derived from white adipose tissue Stimulates FA oxidation Decreases plasma triglycerides and glucose concentration Increases insulin sensitivity

61
Q

Resistin

A

Hormone derived from white adipose tissue Increases insulin resistance

62
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Converted from inactive form by enzymes in adipocytes

63
Q

Growth factors

A

Linked to metabolic abnormalities and diabetes Includes: TNF-alpha Transforming Growth Factor b Insulin-like growth factor I Cytokines

64
Q

Ghrelin

A

Short term weight regulation Produced by gastic epithelial cells Acts on anterior pituitary to release GH Appetite stimulant

65
Q

Peptide YY

A

Short term weight regulation Produced by small intestine Acts on hypothalamus Appetite suppressant

66
Q

Leptin

A

Long term weight regulation Derived from white adipose tissue Inhibits food intake and loss of body weight Stimulates metabolic rate Acts as circulating satiety factor (controls food intake when body’s energy store is sufficient) Communicates fuel state of adipocytes

67
Q

Neural mobilization

A

Important during exposure to severe cold and during periods of fasting Norepinephrine initiates metabolic steps that lead to activation of lipase (Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and FA, enter capillary, bind to albumin, carried to other cells that use fatty acid as fuel)

68
Q

Hormonal mobilization

A

Insulin promotes lipid synthesis, suppresses lipid degradation Thyroid hormone increase Adrenal steroids increase Glucagon increase GH increase TNF-alpha involved in development of insulin resistance (Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and FA, enter capillary, bind to albumin, carried to other cells that use fatty acid as fuel)

69
Q
A

White adipose tissue:

unilocular

large, spherical, flattened nucleus, rim of cytoplasm

70
Q
A

Brown adipose tissue

Multilocular

Smaller, spherical, round eccentric nucleus

71
Q

Cellular atrophy

A

Reduction in cell size

Caused by:
- decreased functional demand

  • ischemia (also causes atrophy in corresponding organ and reduction in cellular and organ function)
  • starvation or malnutrition
  • decreased trophic stimulation (hormones in uterus, denervation due to cut nerve)
  • chronic inflammation (gastic mucosa)
  • increased pressure (hydrocephalus, bed sores)
  • chronic disease (cachexia)
  • aging
72
Q

Cellular hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size and functionality (also increase in organ size and functionality, sometimes hyperplasia)

Caused by:

  • increased functional demand (hypertension)
  • increased growth factor stimulation (gravid uterus)
  • agonists/drugs
73
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Locations/Function

  • vascular endothelium/exchange, barrier in CNS
  • body cavities, mesothelium/exchange and lubrication
  • Bowman’s capsule/barrier
  • respiratory spaces in lung/exchange
74
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Locations:

  • epidermis
  • oral cavity and esophagus
  • vagina

Function: barrier, protection

75
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Locations/Function:

  • trachea and bronchial tree/secretion, conduit
  • ductus deferens/secretion, conduit
  • efferent ductules of epididymis/absorption, conduit
76
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Locations/Function:

  • small ducts of exocrine glands/absorption, conduit
  • surface of ovary/barrier
  • kidney tubules/absorption and secretion
  • thyroid follicles/absorption and secretion
77
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Locations/Function:

  • small intestine and colon/absorption and secretion
  • stomach lining and gastric glands/secretion
  • gallbladder/absorption
78
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Locations:

  • sweat gland ducts
  • large ducts of exocrine glands
  • anorectal junction

Function: barrier, conduit

79
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Locations:

  • largest ducts of exocrine glands
  • anorectal junction

Function: barrier, conduit

80
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Location

  • renal calyces
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra

“urothelium”

Function: barrier, distensible property

81
Q

Merocrine secretions

A

Product is delivered in membrane-bound vesicles to apical surface of cell and released via exocytosis

Ex. pancreatic acinar cells

82
Q

Apocrine secretions

A

Product is released in apical portion of cell surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm in envelope of plasma membrane

Ex. lactating mammary gland, apocrine glands of skin, ciliary glands of eyelid, ceruminous glands of external meatus

83
Q

Holocrine secretions

A

Product accumulates in cells, released through apoptosis

Ex. sebaceous glands of skin, tarsal glands of eyelid

84
Q

Simple tubular gland

A

Location: intestinal glands of colon

Features: straight tube formed by secretory goblet cells

85
Q

Simple coiled tubular gland

A

Location: eccrine sweat gland in skin

Features: secretory coiled portion deep in dermis

86
Q

Simple branched tubular gland

A

Location: mucus-secreting glands of pylorus in stomach

Features: branched tubular glands w/ wide secretory portion that produce viscous mucous secretion

87
Q

Simple acinar gland

A

Location: paraurethral and periurethral glands in urethra

Features: outpuching of transitional epithelium

88
Q

Branched acinar gland

A

Location: mucus-secreting glands of cardia in stomach

Featuers: secretory portions formed by mucus-secreting cells, short single duct opens into lumen

89
Q

Compound tubular gland

A

Location: submucosal glands of Brunner in duodenum

Features: coiled secretory portions deep in submucosa

90
Q

Compound acinar gland

A

Location: excretory portion of pancreas

Features: alveolar-shaped secretory units formed by pyramid-shaped serious secreting cells

91
Q

Compound tubuloacinar gland

A

Location: submandibular salivary gland, mammary gland, lacrimal gland

Features: both mucous branched tubular and seirous branced acinar secretory units

92
Q

Mucous secretion

A

Viscous, slimy secretions

Extensive glycosylation of mucus proteins with anionic oligosaccharides, PAS positive

Flattened nucleus

Ex. goblet cells, secretory cells of sublingual salivary glands, surface cells of stomach

93
Q

Serous secretions

A

Watery secretions

Proteins are poorly or not glycosylated

Round/oval nucleus

Ex. parotid gland, pancreas (submandibular gland has both!)

94
Q

Processing of insulin

A
  1. Transcription into mRNA/translation of mRNA on ribosome
  2. Initial translation of signal sequence and binding to rER
  3. Synthesis of preproinsulin in lumen of ER
  4. Processing to proinsulin in lumen of ER (by cleavage of signal sequence)
  5. Processing to insulin in Golgi (by cleavage of C-peptide by carboxypeptidase E)
  6. Packaging and storage in secretory vesicle
  7. Signal-dependent deliver to PM/ exocytosis
95
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by a-cells (peripheral) in islets of Langerhans in endocrine pancreas

Acts on liver, adipose tissue

Stimulates release of glucose in blood

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Stimulates proteolysis

Mobilizes fats from adipose cells

Stimulates hepatic lipase

Stimulated by: blood glucose levels below 70 mg/dL, low levels of FA, high protein meals, parasympathetic stimulation, sympathetic stimulation

Inhibited by: increase in blood glucose levels, insulin

96
Q

Somatostatin

A

Produced in D cells (peripheral) in islets of Langerhans in endocrine pancreas

Inhibits insulin AND glucagon

Regulates GH

97
Q

GLP-1

A

d

Foundations 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions