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Developmental Biology > CELL and the CELL CYCLE > Flashcards

CELL and the CELL CYCLE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the basic unit of life and the
structural and functional building
block of all living organisms.

A

Cell

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2
Q

The CELL THEORY

A
  1. All living organisms are composed
    of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure
    and organization in organisms
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
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3
Q

is a thin,
flexible barrier that surrounds
the cell and separates its
internal components from the
external environment.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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4
Q

• It controls the movement of
substances in and out of the
cell, maintaining its internal
environment.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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5
Q

is a gel-like
substance that fills the cell
between the nucleus and the cell
membrane.

A

CYTOPLASM

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6
Q

• It contains various organelles and
is the site for many cellular
processes, including metabolic
reactions, protein synthesis, and
transport of molecules.

A

CYTOPLASM

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7
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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8
Q

They generate energy in the form
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
through a process called cellular
respiration.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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9
Q

Is the primary energy source
used by cells to carry out their
functions.

A

ATP

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10
Q

a network of membranous
tubules and sacs that extends
throughout the cytoplasm.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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11
Q

A type of ER which is covered
with ribosomes and involved in
protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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12
Q

A type of ER which is involved in
lipid synthesis, detoxification,
and calcium storage.

A

Smooth ER

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13
Q

responsible for
modifying, sorting, and packaging
proteins and lipids into vesicles for
transport to their final destinations.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus is consists of flattened membranous
sacs called __________.

A

Cisternae

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15
Q

is a membrane-
bound organelle involved in the
process of exocytosis, which is the
release of substances from a cell.

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

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16
Q

are small
membrane-bound organelles
involved in various metabolic
processes.

A

PEROXISOME

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17
Q

They play a role in detoxification
reactions, breakdown of fatty
acids, and the synthesis of certain
lipids.

A

PEROXISOME

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18
Q

It consists of two
centrioles, which are cylindrical
structures composed of microtubules.

A

CENTROSOME

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19
Q

The centrosome is surrounded by a
protein-rich matrix called _________.

A

Pericentriolar material (PCM)

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20
Q

are membrane-bound
organelles that contain digestive
enzymes.

A

LYSOSOMES

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21
Q

They break down waste materials,
cellular debris, and foreign
substances that enter the cell.

A

LYSOSOMES

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22
Q

involved in cellular
recycling and the removal of
damaged organelles.

A

LYSOSOMES

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23
Q

are responsible for
protein synthesis.

A

RIBOSOMES

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24
Q

They can be found either free in the
cytoplasm or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum.

A

RIBOSOMES

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25
Q

control center of the cell.

A

NUCLEUS

26
Q

It contains the cell’s genetic
material, including DNA, which
carries the instructions for cell
growth, development, and
reproduction.

A

NUCLEUS

27
Q

is a double
membrane that surrounds the
nucleus.

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

28
Q

It acts as a barrier, separating the
contents of the nucleus from the
cytoplasm.

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

29
Q

are present in the
nuclear envelope, allowing
selective passage of molecules
between the nucleus and
cytoplasm.

A

NUCLEAR PORES

30
Q

is the gel-like
substance that fills the nucleus

A

NUCLEOPLASM

31
Q

provides a medium for the
suspension of various components
within the nucleus.

A

NUCLEOPLASM

32
Q

is a distinct region
within the nucleus involved in the
production and assembly of
ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

33
Q

refers to the complex of
DNA, proteins, and RNA found within
the nucleus.

A

CHROMATIN

34
Q

• It undergoes various levels of
condensation and decondensation to
regulate gene expression.

A

CHROMATIN

35
Q

primary component of a chromosome

A

DNA

36
Q

are two identical
copies of a chromosome that are held together
by a region called the centromere.

A

Chromatids

37
Q

Is a specialized region of a chromosome where the two
chromatids are attached. It is responsible for ensuring proper separation of chromatids during cell division.

A

Centromere

38
Q

are protective structures
located at the ends of chromosomes. They
consist of repetitive DNA sequences and play a crucial role in preserving the integrity and
stability of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

39
Q

is the series of events that
take place in a cell leading to
duplication of its DNA and
division of cytoplasm &
organelles to produce daughter
cells.

A

Cell Cycle

40
Q

is a critical stage in the
cell cycle that occurs between cell
divisions.

A

Interphase

41
Q

It represents the period when the
cell is not actively dividing but is
engaged in various metabolic
activities and preparing for cell
division.

A

Interphase

42
Q

3 Subphases of Interphase

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
43
Q

During this phase, the cell grows
in size, synthesizes proteins, and
carries out its normal functions.

A

G1 phase

44
Q

It is a period of intense metabolic
activity, and the cell prepares for
DNA replication.

A

G1 phase

45
Q

A phase where the cell undergoes
DNA replication or synthesis.

A

S phase

46
Q

During this phase, the cell
continues to grow, synthesize
proteins, and prepare for cell
division.

A

G2 phase

47
Q

serves as a
checkpoint to ensure that the cell
is ready for mitosis.

A

G2 phase

48
Q

• It is a crucial part of the cell cycle
where the parent cell divides into
two daughter cells.

A

M phase

49
Q

4 main phases of M phase

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase followed by cytokinesis
50
Q

During this phase the chromatin
condenses into visible
chromosomes.
• The nuclear membrane
disassembles, and the mitotic
spindle apparatus begins to form.
• Centrioles move to opposite poles
of the cell, and spindle fibers
extend from them.

A

Prophase

51
Q

the condensed
chromosomes align along the
equatorial plate or metaphase
plate, an imaginary plane at the
center of the cell.
• The spindle fibers attach to the
kinetochores located at the
centromere region of each
chromosome.

A

Metaphase

52
Q

is characterized by the
separation of sister chromatids. The
spindle fibers contract, pulling the
sister chromatids apart toward
opposite poles of the cell.
• This ensures that each daughter
cell receives an identical set of
chromosomes.

A

Anaphase

53
Q

the separated
chromosomes reach the opposite
poles of the cell.
• They start to decondense, and new
nuclear membranes form around
each set of chromosomes.
• The mitotic spindle apparatus
disassembles, and the cell
prepares for cytokinesis.

A

Telophase

54
Q

is the final stage of
the M phase and involves the
physical division of the
cytoplasm, organelles, and
cellular components to form two
daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

55
Q

is a specialized type of cell
division that occurs in sexually
reproducing organisms.
• It involves the production of gametes
(sperm and eggs) with half the number
of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

56
Q

it ensures the
proper distribution of genetic material
and contributes to genetic diversity in
offspring.

A

Meiosis

57
Q

the
chromosomes condense,
and homologous
chromosomes pair up to form
structures called tetrads.
• Crossing over occurs
between non
-sister
chromatids of homologous
chromosomes, resulting in
the exchange of genetic
material and genetic
recombination.

A

Prophase I

58
Q

Tetrads align at the
metaphase plate, an
imaginary plane in the center
of the cell.
• Each tetrad attaches to
spindle fibers originating
from opposite poles of the
cell.
• The orientation of the tetrads
is random, contributing to
genetic diversity.

A

Metaphase I

59
Q

The homologous
chromosomes separate and
move to opposite poles of the
cell, guided by the spindle
fibers.

A

Anaphase I

60
Q

The chromosomes reach the
poles of the cell, and the cell
divides into two daughter cells.
• nuclear envelopes form around
each set of chromosomes.
• Each daughter cell contains
only one set of chromosomes
but with duplicated chromatids.

A

Telophase I and Cytokinesis I

61
Q

The nuclear envelope breaks
down again, and
chromosomes recondense.
• A new spindle apparatus
forms in each daughter cell.

A

Prophase II

62
Q

The duplicated chromosomes
align at the metaphase plate,
similar to metaphase in
mitosis.
• Spindle fibers attach to the
centromeres of sister
chromatids.

A

Metaphase II

Developmental Biology (5 decks)

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