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Biochem Lec MID-TERMS > Cell And Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Cell And Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Basis structural and functional units of living organism

A

Cell

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2
Q

Invented the microscope in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

According to Robert Hooke what is the “cell”?

A

Small room or compartment

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4
Q

First describe a living cell in 1667

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

Who formulated cell theory?

A

Matthias Jakob (MJ) Schleiden- 1838
Theodore Schwann- 1839

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6
Q

What are the cell theory?

A

*All living things are made up of cell
*Cells are smallest working unit of all living thing
*All cell came from pre existing cells

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7
Q

How many cell does the body contains?

A

10¹³ to 10¹⁴ cells around 300 different cell types

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8
Q

Building block of proteins

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

Largest cell in the body, which can be seen without an aid of microscope

A

Egg Cells

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10
Q

Other name of egg cell

A

Ovum

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11
Q

What are the different cell shapes?

A

Red blood cells
Columnar epithelia cells
Ovum cells
Smooth muscle cells
Nerve cells
Bone cells
Sperm cells

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12
Q

Other word for nerve cells

A

Neuron

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13
Q

Other words for bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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14
Q

It is a variety of internal structures

A

Organelles

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15
Q

Is a cell component that performs w specific function

A

Organelles

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16
Q

Cells can be diverse as?

A

Multicellular and unicellular

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17
Q

Examples of organelles?

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Rough ER, Cell Membrane

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18
Q

What is the organisms must accomplish?

A

Uptake and processing of nutrients
Excertion of waste
Response to environment stimuli
Production

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19
Q

Is a cell that has no organelle or nucleus but has a ribosome?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

What are the three layers of prokaryotic cells?

A

Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane

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21
Q

Is a hair like appendages which also involves in attachment

A

Fimbriae

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22
Q

It assists the cell in movement

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Is a building block of nucleic acid (RNA, DNA)

A

Nucleotide

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24
Q

It is made up of phospholipid and proteins like eukaryotes

A

Cell membrane

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25
Q

Contains all the enzymes needed for all metabolic reactions, since there are no organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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26
Q

A larger sub unit is 70s

A

Ribosomes

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27
Q

Region of cytoplasm that contains DNA

A

Nuclear body

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28
Q

Always circular and not associated with any protein to form chromatin

A

DNA

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29
Q

Small loops of DNA and used to exchange DNA between bacteria cells; often contains genes that gives resistance to antibiotics

A

Plasmid

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30
Q

Tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane bound proteins required for respiration and photosynthesis

A

Mesosome

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31
Q

Thick polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall, used to sticking cells

A

Capsule

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32
Q

Used for propulsion, a rigid rotating helical shaped tail

A

Flagellum

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33
Q

Small protrusions outside the membrane which aid prokaryotes in attaching to surface.

A

Pili

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34
Q

A site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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35
Q

Two sizes of ribosomes

A

70s , 80s

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36
Q

A ribosomes size that can be found on prokaryotes, chloroplast, and Mitochondria

A

70s

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37
Q

A ribosomes size that can be found on eukaryotic cells

A

80s

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38
Q

A group of 80s ribosomes that works together

A

Polysomes

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39
Q

A organelle that present on the eukaryotes only

A

Nucleus

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40
Q

An organelle that contains DNA on the chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

Has an outer double layer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores

A

Nucleus

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42
Q

darkly stainable spherical body

A

Nucleolus

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43
Q

A large molecules can pass between the cytoplasm and nucleus through these pores.

A

Nuclear Pore

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44
Q

A very fine thread like combination of DNA and protein assist in the efficient packaging and regulation of DNA activity.

A

Chromatin

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45
Q

How many nucleus does human contains?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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46
Q

A condensed chromatin thread that is only visible during mitosis and meiosis

A

Chromosomes

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47
Q

Consist both DNA and protein

A

Chromosomes

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48
Q

what is the Nuclei of human somatic cells?

A

diploid (2n) with 46 chromosomes

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49
Q

A symbol for Female

A

XX

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50
Q

A symbol for male

A

XY

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51
Q

The ribosome factory

A

Nucleolus

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52
Q

A dark region involved in making ribosomes and translating mRNA

A

Nucleolus

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53
Q

Who discovered Nucleolus

A

Felice Fontana in 1774

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54
Q

What is the common proteins?

A

Histones

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55
Q

What is coiled around the histones?

A

DNA

56
Q

The basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell’s nucleus

A

Nucleosomes

57
Q

A system of membranous tubules and sacs

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

58
Q

Act as an internal transport system, allowing molecules to move one part of the cell to another.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE; does the quantity of ER inside the cell fluctuates depending on the cells activity?

A

TRUE

60
Q

It is studded with the 80s ribosomes and is a site of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

61
Q

Where polypeptides converted into functional proteins

A

Smooth ER

62
Q

Where proteins are prepared for secretion

A

Smooth ER

63
Q

Site of lipid and steroid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

64
Q

Has no 80s ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

65
Q

Breakdown toxins by liver cells

A

Smooth ER

66
Q

TRUE OR FALSE; does both types of ER transport materials throughout the cell?

A

TRUE

67
Q

Who discovered mitochondria?

A

Albert Von Kolliker 1880

68
Q

Who first observed the plastid

A

Andreas Franz Wilhelm (AFW) Schimper 1885

69
Q

____ is present in plant cells and euglenoids

A

Plastid

70
Q

Where does plastid present?

A

Plant cells and euglenoids

71
Q

What are the three types of plastid?

A

Chromoplasts
Leucoplasts
Chloroplasts

72
Q

These are different color plastids containing carotenoids.

A

Chromoplasts

73
Q

These are colourless plastid which store food materials

A

Leucoplasts

74
Q

A type of leucoplasts that store starch

A

Amyloplasts

75
Q

A type of leucoplasts that store proteins

A

Aleuronoplast

76
Q

A type of leucoplasts that store lipids

A

Elaeioplasts

77
Q

Green color plastids containing chlorophyll and carotenoids.

A

Chloroplasts

78
Q

True or False; Chromoplasts are present in fruits, flower, and leaves.

A

True

79
Q

A double membranous cell organelle

A

Chloroplasts

80
Q

What do you call the matrix of chloroplast?

A

Stroma

81
Q

What do you call the sacs of stroma?

A

Thylakoids

82
Q

What makes the grana interconnected?

A

Fret membranes, stroma lamellae, intergranal membranes, stromal thylakoids.

83
Q

where does chloroplast helps?

A

photosynthesis

84
Q

What are the photosynthetic pigments of chloroplast?

A

chlorophylls, carotenes, and xanthophylls (carotenols)

85
Q

The four major complexes of chloroplast

A

photosystem I (PSI), photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6- f complex and ATP synthase

86
Q

Who discovered Golgi Apparatus?

A

Camillo Golgi (1898)

87
Q

an Italian cytologist that discovered Golgi bodies in the nerve cells of barn owl

A

Camillo Golgi

88
Q

Other name of Golgi Apparatus

A

Golgi bodies
Golgi complex
Dictyosome

89
Q

Group of curved, flattened plate like compartments

A

Cisternae

90
Q

what does cisternae produce?

A

network of tubules from periphery. These tubules end in spherical enzyme fille with vesicles

91
Q

The packaging center of the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

92
Q

what are the functions of Golgi Apparatus?

A

pack enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates in their vesicles
produce lysosomes
secrete various enzymes, hormones and cell wall material
help in phragmoplast formation

93
Q

these are small, spherical, single membrane bound structures present in cytoplasm

A

Microbodies

94
Q

Different types of Microbodies

A

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Glyoxysomes

95
Q

Who discover Lysosome?

A

Belgian scientist Christian de Duve 1995 in rat liver cells

96
Q

who coined lysosomes

A

Nivicott 1950

97
Q

small single membrane bound vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes, and produced from golgi complex

A

lysosome

98
Q

what are the types of lysosomes?

A

primary lysosomes
secondary lysosomes (phagolysosome)
residual lysosomes
autolysosomes (autophagic lysosome)

99
Q

Is a newly produced lysosome from golgi bodies

A

primary lysosomes

100
Q

Formed by union of phagosome and primary lysosome, also called as digestive vacuole

A

secondary lysosomes (phagolysosome)

101
Q

these are secondary lysosomes left with undigestive material which is thrown out by the exocytosis

A

residual lysosomes

102
Q

Formed by union of primary lysosome and worn out cell organelles

A

autolysosomes (autophagic lysosome)

103
Q

Common name of lysosomes

A

Suicidal bags of cells
time bombs of the cell
recycling centers

104
Q

function of lysosomes

A

concerned with the intracellular digestion
contribute to ageing process
destroy old and non functional cells which bear them, which makes them suicidal bags
Recycling centers

105
Q

used for removing reactive compounds from the cytoplasm

A

Peroxisomes

106
Q

Detoxifies poisonous compounds

A

Peroxisomes

107
Q

Discovered by Beevers and Breidenbach

A

Glyoxysomes/ Glyoxisome

108
Q

Found in a fat storage tissue or germinating seeds, initiates conversion of fatty acids to sugar

A

Glyoxysomes/ Glyoxisome

109
Q

Scaffolding of proteins that transport materials, position and move organelles, maintains and change cell shape

A

cytoskeleton

110
Q

basis for cell division and organize enzymes into functional associations

A

cytoskeleton

111
Q

What are the three structures of Cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

112
Q

known as contractile and made up of actin, and are common in motile cells. the smallest filaments- 6nm diameter

A

Microfilaments

113
Q

a midsized filament- 10 nm diameter

A

Intermediate Filaments

114
Q

a rigid, hallow tubes that made of tubulin. largest filament- 25 nm diameter

A

Microtubules

115
Q

function of microtubules

A

maintain shape of the cell
serve as tracks for organelles to move along within the cells
grow out from the centrosome to plasma membrane forming centriole.

116
Q

Consist of two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other

A

Centriole

117
Q

how many tubes bundle of every centriole contains?

A

9

118
Q

TRUE OR FALSE; plants cells have larger vacuole compared to animal cells

A

True

119
Q

What does the membrane of the vacuole called?

A

tonoplast

120
Q

a semi permeable membrane

A

tonoplast

121
Q

filled with a watery fluid called cell sap

A

vacuole

122
Q

what does cell sap dissolve?

A

salts, sugars, organic acids, pigment and enzymes

123
Q

what are the different types of vacuoles?

A

Contractile, Food, Gas, Storage

124
Q

present in fresh water protozoans and some algae. Take part in digestion excretion and osmoregulation

A

Contractile Vacuole

125
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

maintenance of water balance

126
Q

these are the vacuoles containing food particles, produced due to phagocytosis cell

A

Food Vacuoles

127
Q

these vacuoles contains gases and help in buoyancy

A

Gas Vacuoles

128
Q

function like reservoirs and help in turgidity- flaccidity changes in plant cells

A

Storage Vacuoles

129
Q

a semi permeable membrane present in cells. present below the cell wall and outermost membrane in animal cell

A

cell membrane

130
Q

it is composed of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol

A

cell membrane

131
Q

who proposed the fluid mosaic model to describe the structure of plasma membrane .

A

S.J. Singer and G. Nicolson (1974)

132
Q

functions of cell membrane

A

allows outward and inward movements of molecules

133
Q

where does the movement of molecules from cell membrane takes place?

A

diffusion, osmosis, active transport, phagocytosis (Cell eating). pinocytosis (cell drinking)

134
Q

is an outer non living, rigid layer of cell, present in bacterial cells, fungal cells and plant cells

A

cell wall

135
Q

a permeable membrane chiefly composed of cellulose.

A

cell wall

136
Q

gives rigidity, mechanical support, and protection to the cell

A

cell wall

137
Q

what are the two types of plant cell wall?

A

primary (cellulose) cell wall
secondary (lignified) cell wall

Biochem Lec MID-TERMS (6 decks)

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