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Biochem Lec MID-TERMS > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

A polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that produce such substances upon hydrolysis

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates is the ____ source of energy

A

Major

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3
Q

Carbohydrates is a _____ in the form of ______, provides a _____ term energy reserve

A

Storage, glycogen, short

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4
Q

Carbohydrates supply ______ for synthesis of other biochemical substances

A

Carbon atoms

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5
Q

What are the different kinds of biochemical substances

A

Protein
Lipid
Nucleic acid

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6
Q

Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of ___ and ___ molecules

A

DNA, RNA

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7
Q

Carbohydrates links to lipids are _____ components of _____

A

Structural, cell membrane

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8
Q

Carbohydrates links to proteins function in a variety of ____ and _____ recognition processes

A

Cell-cell, cell-molecule

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9
Q

What are the different classification of sugars

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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10
Q

A sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed further into simpler forms

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

A type of sugar that yield 2 molecules of the same or different monosaccharide units on hydrolysis

A

Disaccharides

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12
Q

A type of sugar that yield 3-10 molecules of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis

A

Oligosaccharide

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13
Q

A type of sugar that yield more than 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharide units on hydrolysis

A

Polysaccharides

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14
Q

What are the different types of polysaccharide

A

Homopolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides

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15
Q

Formula of carbohydrates

A

CnH2nOn or Cn(H2O)n

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16
Q

A letter that present the number of atoms in the formula of carbohydrates

A

n

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17
Q

A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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18
Q

A monosaccharide containing a ketone group

A

Ketose

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19
Q

Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of ______ they contain

A

Carbon atom

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20
Q

What do you call a class of monosaccharide that contains 3 carbons

A

Triose

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21
Q

What do you call a class of monosaccharide that has 4 carbon atoms

A

Tetrose

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22
Q

What do you call a class of monosaccharide that has 5 carbon atoms

A

Pentose

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23
Q

What is the indicated prefix when aldehyde is present

A

Aldo

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24
Q

What is the indicated prefix when ketone is present

A

Keto

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25
Q

It is the simplest carbohydrate monosaccharides

A

Trioses

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26
Q

A compound having same structural formula but differ in spatial configuration

A

Stereoisomers

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27
Q

It is attached to four different atoms or groups

A

Asymmetric carbon atom

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28
Q

The possible isomers (2n) of a given compound is determined by the number of asymmetric carbon atoms

A

Van hoff’s rule

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29
Q

Penultimate C atom, around which mirror images are formed

A

Reference C atom

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30
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers
Diastereomers

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31
Q

Are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. Molecules with chiral center

A

Enantiomers

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32
Q

Are stereoisomers was molecules are not mirror images of each other

A

Diastereomers

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33
Q

Is the simplest carbohydrates exist in two isomeric forms that are mirror images of each other

A

Glyceraldehyde

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34
Q

Glyceraldehyde is a _____ molecule, it cannot be super imposed on its mirror image

A

Chiral

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35
Q

Bonds are written in a two dimensional representation showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereo centers

A

Fischer projection

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36
Q

What do you call the horizontal lines present in a bonds projecting forward

A

Wedge

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37
Q

What do you call the vertical lines presents bonds projecting to the rear

A

Dash

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38
Q

The carbon atom at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines is ____ shown

A

Not

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39
Q

What are the two forms of monosaccharides

A

Left handed and right handed form

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40
Q

A monosaccharide that when written as fischer projection, has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the right

A

D- monosaccharide

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41
Q

A monosaccharide that when written as fischer projection, has the -OH and its penultimate carbon on the left

A

L-monosaccharide

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42
Q

What are the most common D-tetroses and D-pentoses

A

D-erythrose, D-threose, D-ribose, D-deoxy-D-ribose

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43
Q

The three common D-hexosis

A

D-glucose
D-galactose
D-fructose

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44
Q

Cholesterol has ____ possible stereoisomers, but nature makes ____ only

A

2⁸=256, one (1)

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45
Q

Have the same relationship to each other that your left and right hands have when reflected in a mirror

A

Chiral carbon

46
Q

Objects can be superimposed on the mirror images

A

Achiral

47
Q

Any carbon atom which is connected to four _____ groups will be chiral.

A

Different

48
Q

Carbohydrates contains ____ chiral carbon

A

More than one

49
Q

If the sugar solution turns the plane of polarized light to right

A

Dextrorotatory (+)

50
Q

If the sugar solution turns the plane of polarized light to left

A

Levorotatory (-)

51
Q

Equimolar mixtures of optical isomer has no net rotation

A

Racemic mixture

52
Q

Differ in the order of attachment of atoms

A

Constitutional isomers

53
Q

Differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms

A

Epimers

54
Q

Isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom form on ring closure

A

Anomers

55
Q

5 and 6 membered hemi acetals are represented as plainer pentagons or hexagons as the case may be viewed through the edge

A

Haworth projections

56
Q

What is most written with the anomeric carbon on the _____and the help me acetal oxygen to the ______

A

Right, back right

57
Q

A six membered hemi acetal ring is shown by the infix

A

Pyran (pyranose)

58
Q

A five membered hemi-acital ring is shown by the infex

A

Furan (Furanose)

59
Q

Cyclization of sugars takes place due to the interaction between functional groups on distant carbons, C1 to C5, to make a cyclic

A

Hemiacetal

60
Q

Cyclization using C2 to C5 results in ____ formation

A

hemiketal

61
Q

Carbonyl carbon is new chiral center and becomes an

A

Anomeric carbon

62
Q

_____ and _____reacts with alcohols to form hemiacetals

A

Aldehyde and ketones

63
Q

The new stereocenter resulting from cyclic hemiacetal formation

A

Anomeric carbon

64
Q

Carbohydrates that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons

A

Anomers

65
Q

Cyclic hemiacital and hemicketal exhibits

A

Mutarotation

66
Q

For pyronoses, the six member drink is more accurately represented as a _____

A

Chair conformation

67
Q

_____is the most stable conformation

A

Chair

68
Q

Hydrogens are ____ and larger substituents are ______- less opportunity for steric interactions

A

Axial, equatorial

69
Q

Reactions of monosaccharides

A
  1. Tautomerization or enolization
  2. Reducing properties
  3. Oxidation
  4. Reduction
  5. Dehydration
  6. Formation of esters
  7. Glycoside formation
70
Q

2-OH groups are attached to double bonded carbon

A

Enediol formation

71
Q

In mid alkaline solution carbohydrates containing free sugar group tautomerises to form

A

Enediols

72
Q

One that reduces an oxidizing agent, sugars that can be oxidized are called

A

Reducing sugars

73
Q

If a numeric carbons and involved in glycosidic linkage there will be a _____ tollens reagents test

A

Negative

74
Q

If another anomeric carbon is not bonded and is free there will be a ______ tollens reagent test

A

Positive

75
Q

Monosaccharides can be reduced turning the ________ group into an _______ group

A

Carbonyl, alcohol

76
Q

The result product of reduce monosaccharides where carbonyl group is turned into alcohol group

A

Sugar alcohol

77
Q

What is replace by the name -ose

A

-Itol

78
Q

_____ donates the phosphate moiety

A

Atp

79
Q

What is formed when the hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate can joined with a hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate or some other compound

A

Glycoside are also known as glycosidic bond

80
Q

Glycosidic bond can be ___ linked or ___linked

A

N, O

81
Q

Is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via glycosidic bond

A

Glycoside

82
Q

Are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group at c2 usually of monosaccharide by amino group

A

Amino sugars

83
Q

What are the most common amino sugar

A

Glucosamine and galactosamine

84
Q

Is present in heparin hyaluronic acid and blood group substance

A

Glucosamine

85
Q

Is present in chondroitin of cartilages and tendons

A

Galactosamine

86
Q

Disaccharide is the monosaccharide combined together by

A

Glycosidic linkage

87
Q

2 a-D-glucose unit held together by a(1-4) glycosidic bond

A

Maltose

88
Q

B-D-galactose & B-D-glucose units held together by B(1-4) glycosidic bond

A

Lactose

89
Q

Two B-D units helds together by B(1-4) glycosidic bond

A

Cellobiose

90
Q

What are the reducing disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Cellobiose

91
Q

What are the non reducing disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Trehalose

92
Q

a-D-glucose &B-D-fructose units held together by (a1-B2) glycosidic bond an invert sugar when hydrolyzed

A

Sucrose

93
Q

Two a-D glucose units held together by (a1-a1) glycosidic bond

A

Trehalose

94
Q

Repeat units i monosaccharides order derivatives held together with glycosidic bond

A

Polysaccharide

95
Q

What are the two main function of polysaccharide

A

Energy storage
Structure

96
Q

Consists of amylose which is water soluble and amylopectin which is water insoluble

A

Starch

97
Q

What is the primer protein of glycogen

A

Glycogenine

98
Q

_____Chief carbohydrates and plants and made up of repeating units of ____ it cannot be digested by humans

A

Cellulose, cellobiose

99
Q

Act as marker for glomerular filtration since it is not synthesized metabolized but filtered completely by glomerulus

A

Inulin

100
Q

Abundantly found in crustaceans for example lobster crab shrimps and insects

A

Chitin

101
Q

Chitin are composed of ____ units

A

N-acetyl glucosamine

102
Q

Also known as glycosaminoglycans

A

Muco polysaccharide

103
Q

Are highly polar and attract water they are therefore useful to the body as a lubricant or a shock observer

A

Glycosaminolaglycans

104
Q

What is formed when the hydroxyl group of a numeric carbon of carbohydrates can join with hydroxyl group of another carbohydrate or some other compounds

A

Glycoside are also known as glycosidic bond

105
Q

Present in connective tissues tendon synovial fluid and virteous humor

A

Hyaluronic acid

106
Q

Anticoagulant bind and active anti-thrombin which intern active strombin factor x and factor ix

A

Heparin

107
Q

Present in ground substances of connective tissues of cartilages bones and tendons

A

Chondroitin sulfate

108
Q

The only gag without an uronic acid unit found in cornea

A

Keratan sulfate

109
Q

Found in skin blood vessels and heart vessels

A

Dermatan sulfate

110
Q

A component of the antigens presents on blood cells that determine blood type within ABO blood group system

A

Galactose

111
Q

O and A antigens are monomers of galactose

A
112
Q

B antigens there are three monomers of galactose

A

Biochem Lec MID-TERMS (6 decks)

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