Cell and Cell Signaling Flashcards
What is the study of the structure and function of cells?
cytology
What are the three things every cell has in common?
metabolic functions, responds to its environment, capable of maintaining homeostasis
What does the cytosol contain?
most water, carbohydrates, atp
What are the main components of the nucleus?
nuclear membrane, chromatin, the nucleolus, nuclear matrix (nucleoplasm)
Where is the site of RNA transcription?
nucleolus
What are sacs of powerful digestive enzymes used to dissolve an old organelle?
lysosomes
What are the 5 phases of cell division (mitosis)?
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What are the steps of cell signalling?
signal molecule -> receptor -> transduction pathway -> reponse
What are the three types of local signalling?
paracrine, synaptic, contact
What is the long-distance signalling?
endocrine
What molecules can act as chemical signals?
hormones (epi, histamine), proteins (insulin), steroids (cortisol), and eicosanoids (PGs)
How is the specificity of cell signalling described as?
lock and keyh
What is cell cross-talk?
instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another
What are the steps in a signal cascade?
relay, amplification, divergence
What is the size of a red blood cell
7.2 um
What is the cytoplasm comprised of?
a fluid matrix, a cytoskeleton, various membrane-bound organelles
Which protein fiber of the cytoskeleton allows for passage of substances and maintain cell shape?
microtubules
What is the main role of intermediate filaments?
resist external stresses on the cytoplasm
What is the role of microfilaments?
move organelles within the cell and cell movement, endocytosis
What is the only site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
What is the intercellular highway?
endoplasmic reticulum
Which part of the cell is essential for muscle contraction?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
In which cells is the Golgi apparatus more prominent?
goblet cells
What produces lysosomes?
Golgi apparatus
What are the three types of target proteins?
metabolic enzymes, gene regulatory protein, cytoskeletal
Do hormones act for a short period or have prolonged effects?
prolonged effects
What are the two types of hormones?
amino-acid based and steroid
What are some behaviors that signal molecules can control?
survival, divide, differentiate, die
What occurs when one signal can modify the response to another signal due to to interactions between pathways?
cross-talk
What is the intracellular receptor that binds to nitric oxide?
guanylate cyclase
What does cortisol activate?
a gene regulatory protein
What are the three main classes of cell surface receptors?
ion channel linked receptors, G-protein linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors
