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Histology Exam 1 TonyFrim > Cell and Cell Reaction > Flashcards

Cell and Cell Reaction Flashcards

1
Q

Best possible resolution for human eye?

A

200 µm

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2
Q

Diameter of RBC?

A

7 µm

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3
Q

Fixation in Light Microscopy

A

10% neutral buffered formalin(formaldehyde stabilized with methanol)

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4
Q

Thickness of cell plasma membrane

A

0.007 µm thick

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5
Q

Most common stain in light microscopy

A

Hematoxylin(blue/purple, basophilic) and Eosin(red/pink, acidophilic)

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6
Q

Biopsies

A

Tissue frozen and frozen sections cut and stained (often with fluorescent tagged antibody)

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7
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

An electron beam is transmitted through a thin specimen in a manner similar to the way in which visible light is transmitted through a tissue section for LM

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8
Q

Major difference between TEM and LM

A

Electron microscopy uses magnetic lenses to focus electrons and LM uses glass lenses to focus photons

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9
Q

Most common fixative in electron microscopy

A

Glutaraldehyde

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10
Q

How does glutaraldehyde work as a fixative?

A

forms methylene bridges between polypeptides at reactive side groups

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11
Q

Following glutaraldehyde fixation, tissue must be post-fixed in…

A

osmium tetroxide to preserve the membrane and lipid components

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12
Q

Dehydration in specimen preparation in TEM

A

alcohol and acetone and infiltration with epoxy resin

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13
Q

To provide contrast in the microscope of TEM

A

stained with uranium and lead salts

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14
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope uses

A

a beam of electron (1° beam) to scan the specimen surface

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15
Q

Main byproducts in SEM as probe scans surface of specimen

A

secondary electrons, backscatter electrons, x-rays, and photons

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16
Q

Secondary electrons are

A

low energy electrons emitted from the surface of the specimen and contain surface detail information

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17
Q

SEM and TEM have the same fixation?

A

True

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18
Q

In SEM, after fixation the specimen is

A

dehydrated in ETOH and critical point dried

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19
Q

CPD

A

critical point dried

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20
Q

After drying in SEM, the specimen is

A

glued onto specimen stub and given a conductive coating (gold,gold-palladium)

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21
Q

Goal of immunocytochemistry

A

visualize some component(antigen) in a tissue section by means of an antibody usually linked to a fluorescent or colored molecule

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22
Q

Procedure for immunocytochemistry

A

1)Section tissue 2)Block non-specific binging w/ a protein solution 3)Incubate w/primary antibody and rinse 4)Incubate w/ secondary antibody which contains visualization label

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23
Q

Acid dyes have a __ charge

A

-

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24
Q

Basic dye has a __ charge

A

+

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25
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Blue stain-chromatin (DNA), rough ER, basophilic

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26
Q

Eosin

A

Pink stain- cytoplasm, collagen/elastin fibers, acidophilic

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27
Q

Standard stain used for tissues in anatomy and physiology

A

H and E

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28
Q

Periodic acid Shiff stain

A

Stains glycogen and various carbohydrate containing molecules (magenta)

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29
Q

Basement membrane of Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys stains with

A

PAS (stains Basement membrane magenta)

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30
Q

Basic structural and functional unit

A

Cell

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31
Q

Cells are organized into tissue and tissues are organized into

A

organs

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32
Q

4 primary tissues

A

Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Muscle, and Nervous tissue

33
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Organelles and inclusions suspended in cytoplasmic matrix(cytosol)

34
Q

Organelles

A

Cell systems responsible for synthetic, metabolic, energy requiring and energy generating functions of the cell

35
Q

Thickness of cell plasma membrane

A

7-10 nm

36
Q

Plasma membrane functions as a

A

semipermeable membrane between the cytoplasm and outside of the cell

37
Q

Membrane is composed of

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

38
Q

Phospholipids possess a polar(hydrophilic) head and two non polar(hydrophobic) fatty acyl tails-so they are called…

A

amphipathic

39
Q

Glycolipids are

A

lipids with attached carbohydrates

40
Q

Function of Glycolipids

A

function in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions

41
Q

How are glycolipids distributed

A

Glycolipids are distributed asymmetrically in outer membrane leaflet

42
Q

Gangliosides

A

complex glycolipids with sialic acid(9 C monosaccharide) containing oligosaccharides

43
Q

GM1 ganglioside

A

cell surface receptor for cholera toxin

44
Q

Glycolipids are present only in

A

outer leaflet and have polar carbohydrate residues that form part of glycocalyx

45
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“sugar coat” commonly associated with the extracytoplasmic aspect of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane

46
Q

Glycocalyx composition

A

Polar oligosaccharides side chains covalently linked to protein and some lipid constituents of the plasma membrane

47
Q

Glycocalyx contain

A

Proteoglycans, which consist of membrane integral proteins which are bound glycosaminoglycans

48
Q

Functions of glycocalyx

A

1)cellular attachment to extracellular matrix components 2)binding of antigens and enzymes to cell surface 3)facilitating cell-cell recognition + interaction

49
Q

Cholesterol

A

assists in maintaining membrane structural integrity by decreasing the mobility of the first few CH2 groups on phospholipids.

50
Q

Cholesterol constitutes

A

2% of the plasma membrane lipids

51
Q

Two types of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins and Peripheral proteins

52
Q

Important membrane property

A

Fluidity

53
Q

Membrane fluidity increases with

A

a rise in temperature and by greater unsaturation of the fatty acids in the membrane

54
Q

Membrane fluidity is decreased by an

A

increase in cholesterol content

55
Q

Glucose will move across a RBC membrane down a conc. gradient via

A

a glucose transporter protein (GLUT1)

56
Q

GLUT1 is a

A

multipass transmembrane protein

57
Q

Mechanism for maintaining ion balance in the cell against an electrochemical gradient

A

NA+ -K+ PUMP

58
Q

Sodium and chloride are

A

10-20x higher outside than inside the cell

59
Q

Potassium is

A

20-40x higher inside the cell than outside the cell

60
Q

NA+-K+ pump mechanism

A

3NA+ OUT…. 2K+ IN (a single ATP is hydrolyzed to complete two steps)

61
Q

What inhibits ion transport in the NA+-K+ pump

A

Oubain- has the same binding site of K+

62
Q

Sodium-potassium pump acts to

A

maintain constant cell volume by reducing the ion conc. intracellularly and by increasing it extracellularly- decreasing flow of water into cell

63
Q

Sodium potassium pump plays a minor role in

A

the maintenance of a potential difference across the plasma membrane

64
Q

Movement of sodium down the e-chem gradient can be

A

coupled to the movement of other molecules against its concentration gradient

65
Q

Glucose movement across intestinal epithelium works as

A

cotransported molecule in the same direction as Na+

66
Q

One reason why tumors are often resistant to a broad range of anticancer drugs

A

tumor cell over expression of ATPase

67
Q

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) has a structure closely related to

A

MDR-ATPase

68
Q

Cystic fibrosis is due to

A

defective CFTR in epithelial cell of lung and other tissue

69
Q

What type of chloride ion channel is CFTR

A

ATP and cAMP sensitive chloride ion channel

70
Q

In CF patients, the CFTR

A

becomes insensitive to cAMP and Cl- flux across the cell membrane

71
Q

Ion channel proteins

A

Highly folded transmembrane proteins that form small aqueous pores across membranes - allows specific small, water soluble molecules and ions to pass down gradient

72
Q

Ion channels influence the rate of flow but not

A

the direction

73
Q

Membrane receptors are primarily

A

glycoproteins located on cell surface that bind specific signaling molecules

74
Q

Membrane receptors act as

A

transducers

75
Q

Membrane receptors control membrane permeability by

A

regulating the conformation of ion channel proteins

76
Q

Ion channel linked receptors

A

binds a signaling molecule that temporarily opens or closes the gate, permitting or inhibiting the movement of ions across the membrane

77
Q

Catalytic receptors are

A

single-pass transmembrane proteins. (extracytoplasmic part functions as a receptor and the cytoplasmic part functions as protein kinase)

78
Q

Catalytic receptors may lack

A

extracytoplasmic part and therefore be continuously activated (oncogenes)

79
Q

Transmembrane trimeric G proteins are composed of what 3 polypeptide subunits

A

alpha, beta ,gamma

Histology Exam 1 TonyFrim (8 decks)

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