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Pathology > Cell Adaption and Cell Necrosis > Flashcards

Cell Adaption and Cell Necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cellular Adaptation

A

Changes in cells, tissues, or organs due to prolonged exposure to adverse stimuli

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2
Q

What does Atrophy mean?

A

Decrease in size of tissue/organ/body

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3
Q

What are examples of Physiologic Atrophies?

A
  1. Thymus shrinking with age

2. Overies, uterus and breast shrink after menopause

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4
Q

What are Pathologic Atrophies?

A

Ischemic organs (kidneys, testicles)

*Alzheimers Disease

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5
Q

What does Hypertrophy mean?

A

Increase in size of tissues/organs

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6
Q

What are Physiological examples of Hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle size due to weights

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7
Q

What are Pathological examples of Hypertrophy

A

Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle muscle due to hypertension and pressure overload

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8
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

An adaptive increase in the number of cells causing an enlargement of tissues or organs

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9
Q

What are some examples of Hyperplasia

A

Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogen

Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

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10
Q

What are some examples of both Hypertrophy with Hyperplasia?

A
  1. Physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy
  2. BPH increases in both size and number of glands and stroma
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11
Q

What is Metaplasia

A

An adaptive change from one cell type to another to suit the enviornment

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12
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

Stratified squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking

Barrets Esophagus

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13
Q

What is Dyplasia?

A

Disordered growth of tissues due to chronic inflammation or infection

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14
Q

What is an example of Dysplasia? What role does HPV play?

A

Cervical dysplasia (Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) due to HPV.

HPV infects stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What is Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells- Hallmark of malignant transformation

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16
Q

What are the examples of Anaplasia?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix

Lung Cancer

Malignant Melanoma

Renal Cell Carcinoma

17
Q

What are the hallmarks of Anaplasia?

A
  1. Cell and nuclei display cellular pleomorphism (vary in size and shape)
  2. Nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
  3. High N/C ratio
  4. Large nucleoli within the nucleus
  5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
18
Q

What is the definition of necrosis?

What is the difference between Necrosis and Autolysis after death?

A

Death of cells or tissues

Necrosis is seen in living pt.
Autolysis is seen in tissues after death

19
Q

What is Coagulative Necrosis

A

The most common form of necrosis. Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured, similar to the coagulation that occurs when cooking eggs.

20
Q

What is an example of Coagulative necrosis?

A

Heart tissue going through anoxia (lack of oxygen) during an MI

21
Q

What are the 4 types of Necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefiactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fat
22
Q

What is Liquefactive Necrosis?

A

Dead cells liquify and become soft and gel-like due to enzymes

23
Q

What is the best example of Liquefactive Necrosis?

A

Brain cells liquify in the event of a stroke/CVA

24
Q

What is Caseous Necrosis?

A

A form of Coagulative necrosis that produces thick, yellow, cheesy substance

25
Q

What is an example of Caseous Necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis within the lungs that form caseous necrosis called the Ghon complex

26
Q

What is Fat Necrosis?

A

Liquefactive necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes from a ruptured pancreas.

The degraded fat turns into glycerol and FF. And the FF bind with calcium to make soaps and calcified specks

27
Q

What is the difference between Wet and Dry gangrene?

A

Necrotic tissue that has inflammation and secondary liquefaction is wet gangrene

Black, mummified, dried out tissue is dry gangrene

28
Q

What is Dystrophic Calcifications?

A

Necrotic tissues that attract extracellular calcium deposits, often visible to the naked eye and are rock hard material

29
Q

What are the 4 examples of Dystrophic Calcifications?

A
  1. Calcifications in atherosclerotic coronary arteries
  2. Calcifications of the Mitral or Aortic valves
  3. Calcifications seen around breast cancers
  4. Infant periventricular calcifications
30
Q

What are Metastatic Calcifications?

A

Deranged calcium metabolism from high serum Ca levels that lead to Calcium deposits in other locations

31
Q

What is an example of Metastatic Calcifications?

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D toxicity
Chronic Renal Failure

Pathology (5 decks)

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