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Pathology > Cardio Path > Flashcards

Cardio Path Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium, either the visceral layer or parietal layer

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2
Q

What are the causes of Pericarditis?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. SLE
  4. Uremia
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3
Q

What is the difference between serous and purulent exudation

A
  1. Serous exudates are clear, yellow fluid and indicate s a viral infection
  2. Purulent exudates are pus filled and are indicative of Bacterial infections
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4
Q

What is Fibrinous Pericarditis

A

Surface of the heart covered in yellowish layers of fibrin

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5
Q

What is the difference between Adhesive and Constrictive Pericarditis

A
  1. Adhesive Pericarditis is adhesion between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium

Constrictive Pericarditis occurs when fibrin is absorbed and collagen is placed down on top of the heart

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6
Q

What is viral myocarditis and the virus responsible for it?

A

Acute inflammation of the myocardium caused behind the Coxsackie B virus

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis/cause of viral myocarditis

A
  1. Virus invades the myocardium causing cell death
  2. T-lymphocytes then invade the myocardium and secrete Interleukins and TNF
  3. T-cells kill both the virus and the myocardium, contributing to heart failure
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8
Q

What does a heart with viral myocarditis look like?

A

Slide 34

  1. pale and congested areas with hypertrophy
  2. Dilation and hypokineses of the myocardium aka TIGER EFFECT
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9
Q

How is viral Myocarditis diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis is made from endomyocarial biopsy

Treatment: None, most patients recover on their own

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10
Q

How does a patient with viral myocarditis clinically present

A
  1. Mild fever
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. Maliase

Chronic Myocarditis:
1. Heart Failure (tachycardia, Peripheral cyanosis, and pulmonary edema

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11
Q

Describe the histology/layers of an artery

A
  1. Intima w/ Simple squamous endothelium
  2. Media containing smooth muscle
  3. Tunica Adventitia w/ loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
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12
Q

What is the etiology behind Atherosclerosis

A

Slides 41-46

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13
Q

What is an Atheroma?

A

Fibrous capsule in the artery as a result of atherosclerosis

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14
Q

What are the complications of an Atheroma?

A
  1. Major complication is hardening of the vessel via calcification
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15
Q

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Old age
  2. More prevalent in Men but after menopause Women are more susceptible
  3. Heredity
  4. Lipid Metabolism
  5. Hypertension
  6. Obesity
  7. Diabetes
  8. Cigarette Smoking
  9. Stress
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16
Q

What is an Aneurysm?

A

Dilation of the inelastic aorta?

17
Q

Where do aneurysms of the aorta most commonly occur?

A

Abdominal aorta

18
Q

What is the most feared complication of an aneurysm?

A

Rupture and death by bleeding out.

19
Q

Definition of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Response to injury in which the heart may undergo dilation or hypertrophy

20
Q

What is the most common type of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Dialted Cardiomyopathy

21
Q

What is the cause of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Progressive dilation of the chambers

22
Q

What are secondary causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Which is the most common?

A
  1. Alcohol (most common)
  2. Adriamycin/Cytotoxin (anticancer drugs)
  3. Viral myocarditis
  4. Pregnancy (situational)
  5. High catecholamines (pheochromocytoma)
23
Q

What are the microscopic findings in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Walls are thin, replaced by fibrous tissue

The heart is 2-3x bigger than normal

24
Q

What are the gross findings of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. Thickening of the ventricular septum (banana shaped)

2. Thickening of the L. Ventricular myocardium

25
Q

How is Restrictive Cardiomyopathy characterized

A

Decrease in ventricular compliance resulting in impaired ventricular filling (diastole) but normal systolic function

26
Q

What are the causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy.

Hint: Think of infiltrates

A

Amyloids

Sarcoidosis

Metastatic tumors

27
Q

What are the microscopic findings of Restrictive Cardiomyopathhy

A

slide 130

28
Q

What is Acute Rheumatic Fever

A

Systemic, immunologically mediated disease from a Streptococcal infection

29
Q

How does Rheumatic Fever cause disease?

A

Antibodies against Strept antigens (Antistreptolysin O) cross-react with similar antigens found on the heart and other tissues

30
Q

What is the typically time frame between Strept infection and Rheumatic Fever?

A

Two weeks

31
Q

What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A

Complication of Acute Rheumatic fever that involves joints, subcutaneous CT of the skin, blood vessels and the Brain

32
Q

What is Pancardidits?

A

Diseases of all 3 layers of the heart (Pericarditis, Myocarditis, Endocarditis)

33
Q

Describe how RHD causes Pericarditis?

A

Deposits of Fibrin are found on both surface layers and resemble shaggy surface (bread and butter pancarditis)

34
Q

Describe the pathology of Myocarditis and Aschoff Bodies

A
  • Aschoff Bodies which consists of Lymphocytes and Macrophages surround a zone of fibrinoid necrosis.
  • It assumes a granulomatous appearance and then replaced by scare tissue
35
Q

How does Myocarditis eventually lead to death

A

Causes conduction system fibrosis

36
Q

What is the pathology behind Endocarditis

A
  • Mostly seen on the heart valves

- Valves become inflamed and eventually lead to ulcerations of the valve leaflets

37
Q

What happens with heart valve ulcerations as time goes on?

A

Valve surface linings are covered with fibrin thrombi, which grow into large vegetations along the closure of the valve leaflets

38
Q

How is Fish-Mouth stenosis created?

A

The chord tendinae inserting into the mitral valve are shortened and thickened

They eventually fuse to one another along the lines of closure

39
Q

How is Fish-Mouth stenosis created?

A

The chordae tendinae inserting into the mitral valve are shortened and thickened

They eventually fuse to one another along the lines of closure

Pathology (5 decks)

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