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FOD > Cell Adaptations/Repair/Immuno > Flashcards

Cell Adaptations/Repair/Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

B cells

A

Grow in bone marrow, involved in antibody production and memory (humoral)

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2
Q

T cells

A

Grow in thymus

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3
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

B cells are involved in the ____ immune response

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

Humoral: Complement
Cell-mediated: phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic), mast, NK, basophil, eosinophil, some T cells (gamma-delta and natural killer)

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Humoral: Antibodies

Cell-mediated: B and T cells

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6
Q

Complement

A

Many different proteins circulating as inactive precursor forms, both innate and adaptive systems
Opsonization, inflammation, cell lysis

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7
Q

Classical complement pathway

A

Requires antibody/antigen complex. Part of adaptive system because specific immune response
C1 binds IgG or IgM that is bound to antigen

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8
Q

Lectin complement pathway

A

Triggered by microbial carbohydrates (MBL binds to mannose on microorganisms)

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9
Q

Alternate complement pathway

A

Microbial products directly activate complement

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10
Q

Opsonization

A

C3b binds to surface of pathogens and enhances phagocytosis (by neuts)

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11
Q

Inflammation from complement

A

C3a (and others) effect chemotaxis and mast cell degranulation resulting in histamine-mediated vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

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12
Q

MAC

A

Complement creates cell lysis when components build a tunnel through pathogen cell membrane

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13
Q

NK cells

A

Kill “irreversibly stressed” cells (infected or tumor), do not require prior exposure/activation

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14
Q

Minimal MHC1-self peptide, lots of NK cell-activating ligans

A

When stressed/abnormal, NK cells switch ratio to

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15
Q

Perforins/granzymes

A

NK cells release

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity cells

A

T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells

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17
Q

BCR (B cell receptor)

A

Similar to a membrane-bound antibody, targeted at a (relatively) specific antigen, can be secreted as antibodies when activated

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18
Q

Naive B cells

A

Mature, but no antigen exposure yet, Only able to express surface IgM or IgD

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19
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cell subtype, post exposure to antigen, large amounts of Ab production, apoptosis after antigens cleared

20
Q

Memory cells

A

Long-lived B cell subtype, allow a faster response than the first time

21
Q

Golgi zone

A

Pale zone between nucleus and cytoplasm of plasma cell, full of antibody

22
Q

B-cell function

A

Naive cell expresses surface IgM/IgD. When receptor bound to antigen, it divides into clones, differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells

23
Q

Cellular immunity

A

T cells need to be physically present to help and therefore are the main component of ____

24
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

A

Involved in direct killing of infected cells. Detect nonself antigen being presented by infected cell **typically requires second signal
Recognizes MHC Class I

25
Q

Perforin, granzyme; FAS ligand, sometimes considerable tissue damage

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) effects

26
Q

Helper T cells (CD4+)

A

Type of T cell that directs other immune system elements

27
Q

Th1

A

Helper T cells that attack bacteria, recruits T cells and macrophage ?

28
Q

Th2

A

Helper T cells that attacks parasites, recruits B cells, eos?

29
Q

CD4 receptor (helper)

A

HIV targets _____ and then more pathogens can go unrecognized by adaptive immune system

30
Q

viral illness

A

CD8 cells not activated leads to

31
Q

Bacterial and parasitic illness

A

B cell class switching doesn’t happen leads to

32
Q

Antigen Presenting cells (APC)

A

Phagocytize antigens, present antigens with MHC and activate T-cells
Often migrate to a centralized location (lymph node) to meet T cells

33
Q

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

A

Professional APCs

34
Q

MHC (HLA)

A

Main way antigens are presented
Family of cell-surface proteins, present antigens to T cells and if its the wrong kind of antigen, T cell activation will ensure

35
Q

MHC Class I

A

Family of cell-surface proteins, all nucleated cells have
Present whatever’s in the cell cytoplasm, usually going to be “self” antigens which won’t cause trouble, interact with cytotox T cells (CD8)
If “nonself” antigens present, I cell activation occurs
Good for intracell infections or tumors, problem in transplants, some autoimmune disorders

36
Q

MHC Class II

A

Present on APCs, together with antigens will activate helper T cells (CD4), present phagocytized particles (present whatever APC phagocytized, not what is in cytoplasm of cell)
Recruit the inflammatory response instead of killing cell (recruit helper)

37
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins secreted into blood and EC fluid, communicate between cells and environment

38
Q

Cytokines innate immunity

A

Induce inflammation, inhibit viral replication. Ex IL1, chemokines

39
Q

Cytokines adaptive immunity

A

Lympocyte proliferation/maturation. Ex IL2, IL4, IFN-gamma, some limit or contain inflammatory process

40
Q

Cytokines hematopoiesis

A

Increase WBC production, colony-stimulating factors

41
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells. Proliferation in response to increased demand/stim - depends on ability to synthesize DNA and divide

42
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells, no/limited capacity for division

increased synthesis of cell machinery

43
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of cells

44
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change to cell type better able to withstand stress

Reprogramming of stem/progenitor cells

45
Q

Increase GF, GFR, cells from stem cells

A

Mechanisms of hyperplasia

46
Q

Causes of cell injury

A

Hypoxia/ischemia, nutritional imbalances, physical stressor, chemical agent, infectious agent, immunologic process, genetic causes

FOD (5 decks)

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