Cell Adaptations and Growth Disturbances Flashcards
1
Q
Adaptations due to chronic sublethal injury
A
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Atrophy
- Intracellular accumulations (ex: hyaline droplets, hydropic degeneration, etc.)
2
Q
Cell injury during fetal development
A
- Agenesis/aplasia
- Hypoplasia
- Stenosis/atresia
3
Q
Abnormal development
A
- Dysplasia (usually applied at the organ level)
- Abiotrophy
4
Q
Cell adaptations that change cell size, number, or appearance
A
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Atrophy
5
Q
Growth disturbances of development
A
- Hypoplasia
- Aplasia and agenesis
- Atresia
- Abiotrophy
6
Q
One-time temporary injury
A
- -> Acute cell swelling
- May recover OR
- Cell death
7
Q
Repetitive or chronic injury
A
-Cell death
- Cell survival mechanisms
- -Autophagy
- -Senescence
- Adaptations of surviving cells
- -Positive - increased productivity/efficiency
- -Negative - decreased productivity/efficiency or leads to cancer
8
Q
Autophagy
A
- Cells consuming own organelles
- -Non-functional organelles (housekeeping)
- -Proteins and carbohydrates (nutrient source)
9
Q
Result of autophagy
A
- Single membrane-bound autophagolysosome
- -Lysosomal enzymes
- -Portion of the cytosol with dysfunctional organelles
10
Q
Alternative to cell death
A
Even if the cell dies, the autophagic cell secretes lysophosphatidylcholine and expresses phosphatidylserine on the cell surface to mark cells for heterophagy, and decrease bystander inflammation
11
Q
Hypertrophy
A
- Increased size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of individual cells (due to increased number or volume of organelles)
- Term also used to indicate gross enlargement of an organ or tissue
- NOT due to cell swelling
- Often accompanied by hyperplasia in capable tissues
- -Only hypertrophy in heart and skeletal muscle
12
Q
Hyperplasia
A
- An increase in organ size or tissue mass de to increased number of cells
- Only if the cells can replicate
- Can cause striking increase in tissue or organ size (macroscopically larger)
- Restrictive process
- Distinct from neoplastic proliferation
- -Long-standing hyperplasia –> benign neoplasia
- -Hyperplasia –> dysplasia –> malignant neoplasia
- -Not a restrictive process
- -Includes DNA mutations
- -Out of control
13
Q
Metaplasia
A
- Transformation of a differentiated tissue type into a related type of tissue
- -Typically a reparative process
- -Underlying negative consequences
- Ex:
- -Respiratory epithelium –> stratified squamous epithelium
- -Fibrous connective tissue –> cartilage or bone
14
Q
Dysplasia
A
- Abnormal formation of tissue
- Can occur during development or in fully developed tissue organs
- Increase in number of atypical or poorly differentiated cells
- Possible precursor to neoplasia
15
Q
Atrophy
A
- Decrease in the amount of tissue after normal growth has been attained; reduced tissue mass due to decreased numbers of cells, and/or reduced cell size (also referred to as “simple atrophy”)
- Involution
- Generalized atrophy - nutritional or chronic diseases
- Localized atrophy - ischemic, pressure, disuse, neurogenic (know some examples of this)
