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Mechanisms of Disease > Cell Adaptation, Injury & Death > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation, Injury & Death Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic pathology

A

Medical specialty - diagnose disease by its morphology, as seem in lab

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2
Q

Clinical pathology

A

Medical specialty - focusing on other aspects of the lab

-hematology, clinical chem, blood banking, UA,

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The story of a disease

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4
Q

Functional disease

A

May not have a known morphological correlate

ie. schizophrenia, lbp, migraine

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5
Q

Becker’s nevus

A

Skin on the trunk that is extra-sensitive to testosterone

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6
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases per unit time

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7
Q

Prevalence

A

number sick at any time

= Incidence x average duration

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8
Q

Risk

A

How much your unusual situation increases your chance of getting the disease

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9
Q

Biopsy

A

tissue from the living

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10
Q

Closed biopsy

A

tissue obtained for diagnosis without making a real surgical incision

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11
Q

Open biopsy

A

getting tissue by surgery

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12
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

a piece of tissue was take for diagnosis from a larger structure that is diseased

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13
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

The entire mass/organ was taken for diagnosis

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14
Q

Syndrome

A

A group of symptoms and/or signs with a common underlying pathophysiology but many different underlying diseases
ex. Meniere’s syndrome

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15
Q

Pathognomonic

A

A particular abnormality is found in only one disease or condition
Ex. fetal heartbeat when you are preggers

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16
Q

Forme fruste

A

A mild variant of a longstanding, typically much more severe disease
ie. scar vs. cleft lip

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17
Q

Aplasia/agenesis

A

Complete failure of an organ to form

ie. anencephaly

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18
Q

Atresia

A

A lumen completely failed to form

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19
Q

Occlusion

A

Once open, now closed

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20
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of an organ to grow into normal size along wight he rest of the body

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21
Q

Syn- and holo-

A

Both mean things didn’t separate

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22
Q

Hamartoma

A

The right stuff in the right place, but wrong arrangement/mix
ie. vascular hamartoma - aka stork bite or tuberous sclerosis

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23
Q

3 conditions necessary for a cyst

A

Fluid filled
Epithelially lined
Closed
ie. mucocele - mucous cyst in the mouth

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24
Q

Choristomas

A

Good stuff in the wrong place

ie. Fordyce granules

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25
Fordyce granules
Sebaceous glands in the mouth | type of choristomas
26
Fistula
Abnormal, epithelially lined communication between two surfaces. ie. piercing
27
Pathological sinus
One end is a sack - leads to nowhere | Most familiar is pilonidal cyst/sinus
28
True diverticulum
Includes the muscle | Ex. Meckel's, normal appendix
29
Pseudodiverticulum
Through the muscle | ie. Zenker's esophageal, common colon 'ticks'
30
Atrophy
Organ shrinkage due to cell loss | -usually irreversible
31
Cachexia
Wasting of the entire body as a result of cytokine activity/cancer -selectively destroys muscle over fat
32
Hypertrophy
Increase in the sizes of cells and hence the size of the organ Sometimes helpful - body builder Sometimes not - heart
33
What is an example of an organ that undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Pregnant uterus
34
How thick should the left ventricle be in a non-athlete?
Not thicker than 1.5 cm
35
Hallmark of myocardial hypertrophy
Many more than the normal 92 chromosomes
36
Hyperplasia
``` The organ gets bigger because it now has more cells --ie. you are a medical student studying for this new crazy class that the powers that be dreamed up. You suddenly die during your final exam. During the autopsy they find your adrenal cortex is ~ 30 grams vs. 8 grams found in a nursing student. Why is the dead student doctor's adrenal cortex so large? Hyperplasia due to stress and overuse ```
37
Prayer mark
Hyperplasia of the epidermis
38
What do most goiters result from?
Hyperplasia of thyroid epithelium
39
Endometrial hyperplasia
Hyperplasia driven by genetic mutation
40
Metaplasia
One adult type tissue component replaces another | ie. pseudo stratified epithelium of the big airways by a more protective stratified squamous epithelium
41
Anaplasia
Cells that are bizarre, unlike any normal cells | ie. in a pap smear, topsy-turvy cells with huge, dark, wrinkled nuclei - warn of developing CA
42
Dysplasia
``` Anaplasia confined (for now) to an epithelium -this change precedes the development of many cancers ```
43
Necrosis
Death of cells due to injury, prior to the death of the organism Visible and/or microscopic evidence
44
Reversible cell injury
May or may not lead to necrosis
45
The ways in which cell death might occur
``` Apoptosis due to illness Hypoxia/denaturation Hydrolysis of proteins Mass apoptosis Saponified ```
46
What tells you whether the cells have died?
Nuclei
47
Pyknosis
Nuclei are dark and condensed
48
Karyorrhexis
Nuclear dust
49
Ischemic hypoxia
Loss of arterial blood flow
50
How fast do the brain and heart die without blood flow?
Adult brain will be permanently damaged after a few seconds Neurons will die after a few minutes Heart myocytes usually die after about 30 minutes Other organs can survive hours
51
Shock
total body ischemic hypoxia
52
Hypoxemia
Aka - hypoxic hypoxia | hypoxia due to too little oxygen in the blood
53
Anemia
Aka - anemic hypoxia | Hypoxia due to too little oxygen carrying capacity
54
Histotoxic hypoxia
cytochrome failure
55
What happens when a cell is deprived of oxygen
Anaerobic glycolysis kicks in and pH goes down - this changes tertiary structure of protein molecules Cell membrane becomes too permeable to sodium = hypoxic cells swell with water (this causes most of the electrical chaos in the heart when deprived of O2) Potassium leaks out Calcium leaks in and intracellular calcium is displaced by H+ ions from proteins. Deadly
56
What color is necrosis?
Yellow, like fat, free lipid takes yellow pigment
57
Free radicals
Species with an unpaired electron Electron gets passes from molecule to molecule producing a cascade of damage Tends to produce apoptosis or coagulation necrosis, depending on severity
58
Examples of free radical damage
Ionizing radiation Tylenol poisoning Sunburn
59
H2O + radiation =
H2 + OH' (hydroxyl radical)
60
H2O2 + anything =
OH' + OH'
61
O2-'
Superoxide
62
Pus
Tissue liquified by enzymes produced by your own neutrophils
63
What do you see histologically for apoptosis?
Blebs coming off the edge
64
Caseous
Stroma is destroyed, the whole region becomes a fine powder, not quite solid, not quite liquid Ie. cheese
65
What is the best known cause of caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis | -easier to cough up the virus and infect others
66
How does the death angel toadstool kill ya?
Scrambles ribosomes
67
Inclusion bodies
Masses of virus in nucleus and/or cytoplasm
68
Councilman body
Liver, apoptotic cell
69
Ichthyosis
Apoptotic cells are not shed from the skin
70
Early in a brain infarct
Brain swells and softens | ALL the major cell types must die, and even then takes about a week to liquefy
71
Abscess
Pus in a confined space
72
Dry gangrene
The tissue dried out before the clostridia got there
73
Wet gangrene
The clostridia got there before it dried out
74
Trench mouth
Ulcerative/necrotizing gingivitis
75
Noma
Necrosis of the mouth in malnutrition
76
Fournier's gangrene
Testis all fucked up
77
Fibrinoid necrosis
When the wall of a muscular artery dies for whatever reason, it becomes rich in plasma proteins
78
Syphilitic gummas
Can progress to necrosis/gangrene
79
How does lack of oxygen/blood flow kill tissues?
By the effects of lack of oxphos
80
What mediates the signals for apoptosis?
Mitochondria
81
What causes damage in reperfusion injury?
Influx calcium into cell
82
What does injured mito generate?
Free radicals
83
Necroptosis
Triggered by TNFR1 | -morphology more like common necrosis
84
Pyroptosis
Triggered by caspase 1 which yields IL-1b | -morphology more like common necrosis
85
If death is sudden, do you see necrosis in the body?
No
86
Livor mortis
Post-mortem lividity
87
Cadaveric spasm
ie. ivy grabbed during a fatal fall
88
Putrefaction
the familiar series of events during the days to months following death
89
Fatty change
Accumulation of neutral fat in cells ie. fatty liver - alcohol abuse fatty heart - diphtheria
90
Xanthoma
Cholesterol accumulation | -in skin around eyes, strawberry seeds in wall of gallbladder
91
Hyaline
Generic term for masses of a single protein, staining homogeneously pink
92
Tau
in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's
93
Amyloid
Beta-pleated protein that accumulates in a variety of local and systemic illnesses
94
Lipofuscin
The breakdown product of long-gone membranes stored in lysosomes
95
Melanin
seen in cancer | Alerts clinician that this is a malignant melanoma
96
Hemosiderin
The compact storage form of iron | -ie. seen at a site of repeated small bleeds from overloaded venules
97
Dystrophic calcification
Accumulation of calcium at sites of disease | --necrosis need not be present
98
Metastatic calcification
Precipitation of calcium phosphate | In healthy tissues due to elevated blood calcium, elevated blood phosphate, or both
99
Hayflick phenomenon
Clonal senescence
100
What cells bear the greatest burden in aging?
Brain, CT | -both are postmitotic
101
Who is gonna kick some pathological ass?!
WE AREE!!!!!

Mechanisms of Disease (8 decks)

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