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Imat > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

how is the image magnified in a microscope

A

lenses refract the light in such way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into the camera

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2
Q

what are the 3 important parameters in microscopy

A

magnification, resolution and contrast

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3
Q

what is magnification

A

is the ratio of an objects images size to real size

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4
Q

how much can light microscope magnify

A

1000 to 1500

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5
Q

what is resolution

A

is the measure of the clarity of the image and minimum distance 2 points can be separated & still be distinguished as 2 points

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6
Q

whats the maximum resolution the light microscope can give

A

0.2 micrometer or 200 nano meters

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7
Q

what is contrast

A

the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of the image

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8
Q

what does electron microscope use

A

it uses a beam of electrons

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9
Q

is resolution inversely related to wavelength of light or electrons

A

yes

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10
Q

how much resolution can electron microscope give

A

0.002 nm

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11
Q

what is topography

A

the distribution of parts or features on the surface of or within an organ or organism

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12
Q

what does SEM stand for

A

what does Scanning electron microscope

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13
Q

does SEM show 3D

A

yes

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14
Q

why do we use SEM

A

to study the the derailed topography

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15
Q

how does SEM work

A

The electron beam scans the surface of the sample which is usually coated with a thin filament of gold. And these secondary electrons are detected by the device which translates the pattern into the Electronic signal in the video screen

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16
Q

why do we use TEM

A

to study the internal structure of the cell

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17
Q

what does TEM stand for

A

transmission electron microscope

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18
Q

how does TEM work

A

TEM, the specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures, thus enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more than others.instead of using glasses both sem and TEM use electromagnets as lenses to bend pathways electrons

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19
Q

what is the disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

method used to prepare the specimen kills the cell

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20
Q

why is cell fractionation used

A

takes the cells apart and separate major organelles and other sub cellular structure

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21
Q

are protists and fungi eukaryote

A

yes

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22
Q

what does protist mean

A

a diverse group unicellular eukaryotes

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23
Q

which domains consist of prokarytic cell

A

archea and bacteria

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24
Q

list eukaryotic cell domain

A

plant, animal, fungi and protoctist

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25
Q

what is plasma membrane

A

is the cell membranes

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26
Q

is cell membrane permeable,

A

Yes

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27
Q

what is cytosol

A

area of the cytoplasm that’s not held by organelles, (cytoplasm-organellles)

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28
Q

whats is protoplasm

A

include the cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelles & its divided into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

29
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

everything in the cell é membrane excluding the nucleus contains cytosol and organelles

30
Q

do all cells have chromosomes

A

Yes

31
Q

do all cells have ribosome

A

yes except virus

32
Q

where is th dna found in eukarytic cells

A

Nucleus

33
Q

where is the dna found in prokarytic cells

A

nucleoide

34
Q

whats is the typical diameter of bacteria

A

1-5 micrometer

35
Q

what is the typical eukarytic cell diameter

A

10-100 micrometer

36
Q

why does smaller organisms have greater surface area to volume ration

A

area is promotional to linear dimension squared whereas volume is proportional to cubic dimentional cube

37
Q

isn’t true that larger organism have bigger cells

A

no they have more cells in quantity t

38
Q

what is the average diameter of nucleus

A

6 micrometer

39
Q

what does nuclear envelope

A

it enclose the nucleus and separates from cytoplasm

40
Q

what are the nuclear double membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer

41
Q

Where is most of the genes in eukaryotic cell present

A

nucleus

42
Q

Which other place rather then nucleus can genes of eukaryotic cell be present

A

Chloroplast and mitocondria

43
Q

What is the average diameter of nucleus

A

5 micrometer

44
Q

What is the largest organelle

A

Nucleus

45
Q

What does nuclear envelope do

A

Encloses the nucleus separating the content form cytoplasm,

46
Q

What is the nuclear double membrane made of

A

Lipid bilayer with associated proteins,

47
Q

What is the diameters of pored between nuclear pores

A

100nm

48
Q

Is nuclear pore selective

A

Yes very selective

49
Q

How is the outer membrane of the nucleus continuous

A

They start forming Endoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

What are the things that can enter and leave the nuclear pore

A

Proteins, rna and large complexes of macromolecules

51
Q

What does nuclear lamina do

A

They maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.

52
Q

In the nucleus the dna is organized into discrete unit called …

A

Chromosome

53
Q

Chromosome ARe made of?

A

Chromatin fibre n

54
Q

What happens to the chromosome when the cell divides

A

It condenses and is visible

55
Q

Can nucleoli be seen under light microscope

A

No

56
Q

What happens in the Nucleolus

A

Ribosomal rna or rRna is synthesized for the instruction of the dna

57
Q

What happens to the proteins imported from the cytoplasm to the nucleuolus

A

Assembled with the rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosome

58
Q

How does a ribosome form

A

The small and large subunits leave the nucleus through nuclear pore where they assemble into ribosome.

59
Q

Can a nucleus have more than one nucleolus

A

Yes

60
Q

Whta does the number of nucleolus depend on

A

Species and stage of reproductive cycle

61
Q

How does nucleus direct protein synthesis

A

It makes mRNA from dna, and exits the nucleus via nuclear pore, where the ribosome translates the mRNA into protein

62
Q

Are ribosomes organelle?

A

No

63
Q

Why aren’t ribosome organelles

A

Do not have a membrane bound organelles

64
Q

What are the 2 organelles that cells with high protein synthesis have

A

Prominent nucleoli and many ribosome

65
Q

Where are free ribosomes and bound ribosome present

A

The free ones are found in the cytosol and the membrane bound are found in Endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

66
Q

Are bound and free ribosomes structurally identicle

A

Yes

67
Q

What happens to the protein made in free ribosomes

A

They mainly remain in the cytosol

68
Q

What happens or protein made in bound ribosome

A

Make protein destined for insertion into membrane for packaging within the organelles such as lysosome or for exportation from the cell

Imat (2 decks)

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