Cell Flashcards
Regulates the passage of subs. in & out of the cell
Plasma membrane / cytoplasmic membrane
Covered by phospholipid bilayer called nuclear envelope
Contains DNA & RNA
Nucleus
Thread like structure that carries genetic information
Chromosome
Material that makes up chromosome
DNA + histones “bead on strings”
Chromatin
Guides the coiling of DNA / attachment
Chromatin
Chromosome copy
Chromatid
Chromatids that are bound to each other by a centromere
Sister chromatids
Contains nucleolus
Nucleus
Responsible for ribosomal synthesis
Nucleolus
Powerhouse of the cell
Generates ATP
Mitochondria
Mechanisms for ATP production in cytoplasm
Glycolysis
Direct phosphorylation
Glycolysis by products
2 ATP l 2 puruvic acid l 4 hydrogen
Direct phosphorylation byproducts
1 ATP l1 creatinine
Mechanisms for ATP production in mitochondria
Kreb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Kreb cycle by products
2 ATP l 16 hydrogen I 4 CO2 l 2 coenzyme A
Oxidative phosphorylation byproducts
34 ATP l Max of 38
Site for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Basic structures of proteins
Amino acids
Amino acids are made up of what elements
CHON
2 examples of essential amino acids that the body is capable of producing but are very few
Arginine and histidine
Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid that can’t be produced without the help of?
Phenylalanine
Types of RNA
rRna
mRna
tRna
Forms ribosomes (translates the mRna)
rRNA
Carries genetic information of DNA; end product of transcription
mRNA
Carries amino acids to the ribosomes during translation
tRNA
Site of: steroid synthesis l lipogenesis l detoxification
Smooth E.R
Packaged products of Golgi A.
Responsible for apoptosis “programmed cell death”
Lysosomes
Types of nuclear changes during apoptosis
KPK
Karyolysis - nuclear fading / dissolution
Pyknosis - nuclear shrinkage
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation
Holds chromosomes during cell division
Contains pair of centrioles made up of microtubulles arranged in CARTWHEEL PATTERN
Centrosome
Increases surface area of the cell that increases its absorption property
Microvilli
“Brush border” presentation
Microvilli
“9+ 2 pattern” arrangement in microtubules
Common in respiratory epithelium and Fallopian tube
Cilia
Made up of axoneme l longer than Alia
Flagella
The longest phase of cellular division
Interphase
Division of somatic cells; results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells (diploid)
Mitosis (pmat)
PMAT is also known as?
Karykokinesis
Division of sex cells
Meiosis
What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis
Synapsis
Sharing of DNA of 2 homologous chromosomes, also known as the “crossing over” or “chiasmata formation” of choosiness is called?
Recombination
Enzyme that causes the DNA molecule to split or unzip?
🧬 helices
Total body fluid volume
60% - H2O ( 40% - intracellular fluid l 20% - extracellular fluid)
17% - proteins
15% - fats
1% - carbohydrates
7.1% - others
Blood volume
8%
Movement of mol. Across the cell membrane w/0 using ATP
Passive transport
Movt of solutes from higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient
Simple diffusion
Carrier mediated transport since it needs carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of fluid across a semipermeable membrane from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure
Osmosis
What is the most important protein that increases the osmotic pressure op the blood?
Albumin
Mov’t of molecules from ↓ concentration gradient to high concentration gradient that uses ATP
Active transport
What are the non-insulin dependent tissues?
BRICKLE
(Brain, red blood cells, intestines, cornea, kidney,liver, exercising skeletal muscles
Most # cation in ECF
Sodium
Least # cation in ECF
Potassium
Least #cation in ICF
Sodium
Most # anion in ECF
Chlorine
Least #anion in ECF
Bicarbonate ( HCO 3-)
Most #cation in ICF
Potassium
Least # anion in ICF
Chlorine (CI)
Least # anion in ICF
Chlorine (CI)
Most important buffer of the blood plasma - 7.4 av.
Bicarbonate
Most #anion in ICF; act as buffer in blood plasma
Phosphate (PO4-)
