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Cell Biology > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma membrane is made up of

A

Phospholipid bilayer - hydrophobic groups face inwards, polar groups externa

Transporters, receptros, invaginations and evaginations

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2
Q

What size are mitochondria

A

2 um

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3
Q

What occurs at the outer membrane of mitochondria?

A

Lipid syntehsis
Largen channel forming proteins

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4
Q

What happens in the intermembrane space?

A

Proteins responsible for transport of metabolites between cytosol and outer comparmtnetWha

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5
Q

t happens at the innermembrane of mitochondria? Structure?

A

FOlds / cristae

Electron traensport chain
ATP synthesis
TRanport proteins that allow metabolites in and out of matrix

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6
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria

A

ATP sytnehsis
ATP breakdown
Calcium store
Involved in apoptosis

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7
Q

What cells have no nucleus

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

What is chrmoatin?
What is a nucleosome?

A

Long strands of DNA, RNA and associated nucleoproteins

Nucleosome = DNA assocaited with 8 histones

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9
Q

What is heterochromatin

A

Electron dense and distributed around the periphery of the nucleus in discrete masses within the nucleus - DNA assocaited with nucleoproeints but not actively undergoing RNA synthesis.

INACTIVE

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10
Q

What is euchromatin

A

Euchormatin - electron translucent - DNA is actively undergoing RNA synthesis

ACTIVE

BEads on string
Activated by acetylation

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11
Q

What is the endoplasmic retinculum

A

Bilatyered phospholipid membranes

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12
Q

What is the rough ER? Function?

A

Bilayered phospholipd membrane with ribosomes (RNA and protein)

Secretory, lysosomal and membrane protein assimilation on surface

More highly developed in secretory cells such as the lacrimal gland acinar cell

Synthesised proteins from ribosome enter ER and translationally folded for secretion via golgi apparatusW

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13
Q

What happens at the smooth ER

A

Site of synthesis for lipids, triglycerides, steroids

Highly developed in RPE and meibomian gland cells

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14
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Falttened smooth membrane sacs and vesicles

Translational modifcation of secretory and membrane proteins by sequential glycosylation reactions

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15
Q

How many functional regions of golgi

A

5

Cis golgi network - connection with ER entry point
Cis golgi
Medial golgi
Trans golgi
Transgolgi network - exit point for vesicles

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16
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Contain enzuymes that funciton in oxidatie reactions which produce hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides e.g catalase

17
Q

What are the structures of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Made of actin
Dynamic and contractile
7nm

Microtubules
Made of tubulis
Mobile, dynamix
24nm diameter

Intermediate filaments
Robust durable
10nm diameter

18
Q

What are the three cell junctions

A

Tight (occluding junctions) zonula occludens

Anchoring junction

Communicating (gap) junctions

19
Q

What are tight (occluding) junctions composed of

A

Occludin and claudin

20
Q

What is the funciton of tight junctions

A

Seal neighbouring cells together so that water soluble molcules cannot pass between cells

Between epithelial

21
Q

What are the funciton of anchoring junctions?

A

Maintaining tissue integrity

Link cellular cytoskeleton with that of neighbouring cell or the extracellular matrix

Consist of intracellular attachment protein
Transmembrane linked glucoprotein on anoterh cell

22
Q

What do adherens junctions do?

A

Join actin cytoskeletons together

23
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Anchoring sites for intermediate filaments in cell to cell adhesion and provide tensile strength

24
Q

What are the cell adhesion proteins of the desmosomes?

A

Desmoglein and desmocollin

MEmbers ot he cadherin cell adhesion moelcule family

Bridge the space between adjacent epithelial cells by homophilic binding of extracellular domains to other desmosomal cadherins on adjcent cells

Calcium dependent

25
Q

What are hemidsmosomes?

A

Attach to the extracellular matrix

Use integrin cell adhesion protins

Connect the basal aspect of cells to the basement membrane

26
Q

What are gap junctions? Function?

A

Do not seal membranes together or restrict the passage of material between membranes

Allow inorganic ions carrying current and water soluble molecules to pass from one cell to another

Electrical and metabolic cell coupling

27
Q

What is a gap junction composed of

A

2 connexons - hemi-channels

Cross intercellular space

Molecules of up to 1000Da can pass through a pore

28
Q

What are cadherins?

A

Glycoproteins that form part of a desmosome and invovled in cell adhesion

Calcium dependent

29
Q

What are integrins? Functions?

A

Receptors that mediate attachment between a cell and tissue surrounding it

Attachment of cell from ECM and signal transduction from ECM to cell

Invovled in immune response, cell migration and viral cell binding

30
Q

Where are L-selectins?

A

Leukocytes

31
Q

Where aer E electives

A

Activated endothelial celss

32
Q

Where are P-selectins

A

Activated platelets and endothelial cells

33
Q

What are selectins? Functions

A

Calcium dependent cell adhesion molecules

Heterophilic bidning to carbohydrate ligands

Leukocyte endothelial interactions

Local chemical mediators such as histamine, thrombin, cytokines, TNF-a

Results in trolling of cells across endothelial cells until integris are activated

34
Q
A

Cell Biology (8 decks)

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