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Biochem Ca1 Cram > CELL > Flashcards

CELL Flashcards

1
Q

Arrange from smallest to largest.
Tissues, organ system, cells, organs, organism

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism

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2
Q

Smallest cell?

A

Sperm

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3
Q

Largest cell ?

A

Ovum

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4
Q

Longest cell?

A

Nerve

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5
Q

How does shape of RBC help?

A

Circular biconcave help move thru capillaries

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6
Q

How does nerve cell shape help?

A

Conduct nerve impulse from one point to another

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7
Q

Structures in eukaryotic cell? Eleven

A

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
ER
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Cytoskeleton
Peroxisome

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8
Q

3 characteristics of plasma membrane ?

A

Thin
Elastic
Semi-permeable

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9
Q

Thickness of membrane ?

A

7nm
75-11-A*

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10
Q

2 Characteristics of plasma membrane ?

A

Lipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model

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11
Q

2 Function of endosome ?

A

Sorting and delivery of internalized material from cell surface and transport of material from Glock to lysosome or vacuole

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12
Q

6 features of largest organelle ?

A

• Spherical dense body found in the centre of the cell
• Present in almost all cells except few (eg: mature RBC etc.)
• Most cells are uni-nucleated (exception - skeletal muscle cells)
• Double layered membrane covers the nucleus – nuclear membrane (envelope) with pores
• Filled with colourless liquid inside – nucleoplasm (karyoplasm)
• Nucleoplasm contains the nucleolus (non- membranous) and chromatin fibres

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13
Q

2 features of chromatin?

A

• Chromatin fibres are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein histone
. Condense to form chromosome when abt to divide

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14
Q

What are genes and their function?

A

Stretches of DNA in chromosome that transfer hereditary info from one gen to next

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15
Q

4 functions of nucleus ?

A
  • Control all cellular activities (metabolism, protein
    synthesis, growth, cell division)
  • Nucleolus synthesizes RNA (ribosomal subunits) to constitute ribosomes – thus very prominent in cells actively synthesizing proteins
  • Storage and transmission of hereditary information in genes
  • DNA replication
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16
Q

What is ER?

A

• Network of tubular and vesicular structures interconnected with one another
• ER usually comprise more than half of the
membranous content of the cell

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17
Q

Two types of ER and characteristics ?

A

Twotypes:
- Smooth - no ribosomes attached
- Rough - with ribosomes - lies immediately next to the cell nucleus, and its membrane is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope to inc. efficiency of translation

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18
Q

What is function of RER?

A

RER:
• Synthesize secretory (glycoproteins) & membrane proteins (prominent in liver cells)
• Involved in protein folding

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19
Q

Function of SER?

A
  • SER:
    • Synthesis lipids for cell membrane (phospholipids), synthesis of cholesterol (partial)
    • In liver-detoxify drugs and poisons,ethanol oxidation
    • In muscle cells – store calcium ions (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
20
Q

Describe structure of Golgi body ?

A

Formed by stacks of 5-8 membranous sacs
• These sacs are usually flattened - called cisternae
• Has 2 ends:
- cis face situated near the ER and trans face situated near the cell membrane
Cis – receives proteins from ER
Medial – post translational modifications of proteins
Trans – modified proteins are sorted & packaged for delivery

21
Q

4 functions of Golgi ?

A

• Functions:
- Modifies (add fatty acids or phosphate gps, remove monosaccharides, cleave oligosaccharides), sorts & packs materials synthesized in the cell
- Delivers synthesized materials to various targets inside (lysosomes) and outside (exocytosis) the cell (Cell membrane)
- Produces secretory vesicles (eg: secretion of insulin by beta cells of pancreas, trypsinogen secretion by pancreatic acinar cells)
- Forms plasma membrane and lysosomes

22
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Small, spherical, single membrane sacs

• Acidic compartments (acid hydrolases;pH5)

• Filled. with hydrolytic enzymes(proteins) which
are received from RER

23
Q

Where are lysosomes found?

A

• Abundant in macrophages

• Found throughout the cytoplasm

24
Q

4 functions of lysosome and anything extra ?

A

• Digest foreign particles (viruses, bacteria) and helps to
protect the cell
• Degrade worn out organelles
• In dead cells - autolysis - autophagy
• Help digest large molecules (proteins, DNA, RNA, lipids)
- Endocytic vesicles (= endosome) stuff coming from outside cell)
- Phagosomes (bacteria etc containing vesicles)

25
Q

How to lysosomes work ?

A

fuse with lysosomes (primary) to form secondary lysosome, digest material and hydrolysed products are used by the cell (Recycling)

26
Q

Describe structure of mitochondria ?

A

• Small,round/oval shaped bound by TWO membranes – inner & outer
• Outer membrane - smooth
• Inner membrane – folded & forms the cristae
(contains enzymes of ETC) increase surface area
• Inner cavity – matrix filled with many enzymes
• Contains own DNA which produce many enzymes
• Number – vary per cell - mature RBC – Not present / Liver & Muscle cells large no.)

27
Q

10 functions of mitochondria ?

A
  • Synthesize ATP (energy) - ETC, Citric acid cycle enzymes
  • Convert ammonia to urea (part - early stage of urea cycle enzymes – only in liver)
  • Heme synthesis (part)
  • Beta oxidation (triglyceride breakdown)
  • Ketone body synthesis
  • Glucose synthesis (part)
  • Pyrimidine synthesis (part)
  • Cytochrome P-450 in inner mitochondrial membrane - steroid synthesis
  • Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • Hormonal signaling
28
Q

Structure of peroxisome and where to find?

A

Found in cytoplasm
Spherical in plants
Different shapes and sizes in animals
Has single membrane that is lipoprotein in nature

29
Q

3 Function of peroxisome ?

A

Contains enzymes ( catalase to convert h202 to h2o and o2,oxidase )
Oxidation of bio molecules ex. Lipids to h2o2
Synthesize plasmogens ( a membrane lipid )

30
Q

Function of ribosome ?

A

Make protein by binding to mRNA and lets tRNA enter and add amino acids

31
Q

Describe cytoplasm ?

A

Jelly like viscous material
70% of cell volume
Contains organelles
Contain clear liquid portion CYTOSOL and various particles ( proteins (like enzymes), CHO , lipids, inorganic ions, salts)

32
Q

8 pathways in Cytosol due to enzymes it carries?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Fatty acid synthesis
  • Cholesterol synthesis
  • Urea cycle (part)
  • Heme synthesis (part)
  • Pyrimidine synthesis (part)
  • Purine synthesis
  • Glucose synthesis
33
Q

What is cytoskeleton

A

Network of Interlinking protein filaments present in cytoplasm

34
Q

What is cytoskeleton made of?

A

protein fibres (help the cells move & maintain shape)
• Includes:
– Microtubules
– Microfilaments
– Intermediate filaments

35
Q

Describe structure of microtubule .

A

Hollow structures formed from protein subunits (tubulin dimer, alpha and beta dimers )

36
Q

3 functions of microtubule

A

1.Helps to support cytoplasm of cells
2.Assist in cell division (mitotic spindle)
3. Intracellular transport

37
Q

Structure of microfilament ?

A

Small fibrils of protein subunits (globular actin)

38
Q

3 function of micro filaments?

A

Involved in cellular movement
cell shape
muscle contraction

39
Q

Structure of intermediate filament ?

A

fibrils formed from protein subunits by intertwining
• Are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger than microfilaments

40
Q

7 functions of intermediate filaments ?

A
  • provide mechanical support to cell
  • Determines the shape
    of the cell
  • Locomotion of the cell itself
  • Give structural strength to the cell
  • Responsible for sub- cellular movements
  • Facilitate movement of chromosomes
  • create cell cohesion by prevent fracture of epithelial cell under tension
41
Q

Name 2 lysosomal diseases

A

Tay-Sachs disease
Pompe disease

42
Q

What causes Tay-Sachs ?

A

Deficiency of enzyme (hexosaminidase A)

43
Q

Effect of Tay-Sachs ?

A

results in excessive accumulation of lipids known as gangliosides in brain & nerve cells.
• Excess fat accumulation causes lysosmal damage, cell destruction and damage to surrounding tissues.
• This abnormal accumulation of gangliosides cause progressive dysfunction of central nervous system ( neurons in brain and spinal cord).
Fatal in children

44
Q

What is pompe disease ?

A

Pompe disease (1 in every 40,000 births) is an inherited often fatal disorder that affects the heart and skeletal muscles.
• Deficiency/lack of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) which break down glycogen to glucose
• excessive amounts of lysosomal glycogen accumulate in body

45
Q

Effect of pompe disease ?

A

Impair function of skeletal and heart muscles most

46
Q

What is mitochondrial disease?

A

• Associated with reduction in production of energy
• Brain requires large quantities of energy & sufficient energy is needed for neurons to function properly

47
Q

Effect of mitochondrial disease ?

A

• Deficiency of energy may lead to impaired capabilities (exercise intolerance, etc) and Autism

Biochem Ca1 Cram (13 decks)

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