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CELL Flashcards

1
Q

explores molecular mechanisms of normal cellular processes as well as diseases.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All higher living organisms including humans are made up of cells

A

TRUE

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Fundamental unit of life; All biochemical processes are carried out by cells

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Two Major Classes of Cells

A

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

was the first person to use the term “cell”

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

He referred to the small empty chambers in the structure of cork as cells

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

concluded that all plant and animal tissues were composed of cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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8
Q

Responsible of Cell Theory

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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9
Q

proposed the theory of biogenesis where cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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10
Q

“A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.”

A

Cell Theory

The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells

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11
Q

Classes of Cells:

DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell: responsible for storage of DNA

A

Eukaryotes

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12
Q

Classes of Cells:

Contain membrane-bound organelles: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

Classes of Cells:

Cell division involves mitosis (sexual)

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

Classes of Cells:

DNA is not enclosed within the membrane (scattered)

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

Classes of Cells:

Lack membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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16
Q

Classes of Cells:

Usually divided by binary fission (asexual)- (cytokinesis)

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

Molecular Composition of Cell:

accounts for about 70-75% of the weight of the cell/ body

A

Water

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18
Q

Molecular Composition of Cell:

account for 25-30% of the cell weight.

A 
Organic compounds
(Nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides (carbohydrates) and lipids.)
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19
Q

Molecular Composition of Cell:

account for the rest of the cell weight.

A

Inorganic compounds

Electrolytes, ions, salt, potassium, manganese

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and a number of other membrane-bound subcellular (internal) organelles

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Cell Parts:

Phospholipid bilayer containing lipids, cholesterol and proteins and some carbohydrates (glycolipids, glycoproteins)

A

Plasma Membrane (Perimeter of the cell)

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22
Q

Common lipid present in plasma membrane

A

phospholipid

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23
Q

Property of plasma membrane (hydrophilic and hydrophobic)

A

Amphipathic

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24
Q

Cell Parts:

Acts as a physical barrier to enclose cell contents

A

Plasma Membrane (Perimeter of the cell)

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25
Q

Cell Parts:

Regulates material movement into and out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane (Perimeter of the cell)

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26
Q

Cell Parts:

Functions in cell communication w/ the environment and other cells

A

Plasma Membrane (Perimeter of the cell)

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27
Q

Cell Parts:

Largest and most obvious membrane-bound compartment of the cell

A

Nucleus (Control center)

It contains the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis.

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28
Q

Cell Parts:

Where chromosomes are seen: DNA coiled around Histone= chromatin

A

Nucleus (Control center)

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29
Q

Cell Parts:

It is enclosed within a double membrane called nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus (Control center)

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30
Q

Parts of Nucleus:

It consists of RNA and proteins which function in ribosomal unit assembly.

A

Nucleolus

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31
Q

Parts of Nucleus:

It surrounds the chromatin (Histone + DNA) and the nucleoli.

A

Nucleoplasm

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32
Q

Cell Parts:

Enclosed by cell membrane but not part of any organelle

A

Cytoplasm

Interior contents of the cell

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33
Q

Part of Cytoplasm:
Provides support for organelles and serves as the viscous fluid medium
Where organelles, ribosomes, and metabolic enzymes float

A

Cytosol

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34
Q

Cell Parts:

it holds diff organelles and has ribosomes (protein synthesis) and metabolic enzymes

A

Cytoplasm

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35
Q

Cell Parts:

Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

Mitochondria (similar w/ prokaryotes)

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36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mitochondria have their own DNA

A

TRUE

Mitochondrial DNA: similar to prokaryotic DNA

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mitochondria have their own ribosomes

A

TRUE

similar w/ the construction of prokaryotic ribosome

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38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mitochondria can synthesize their own protein but not all

A

TRUE

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39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mitochondria replicate on their own by binary fission

40
Q

Theory that states that mitochondria is considered an aerobic bacteria that was ingested by the cell

A

Endosymbiotic theory

41
Q

Structures of Mitochondria:

Highly permeable to small molecules

A

Outer membrane

Due to the presence of a pore-forming protein called porin

42
Q

Structures of Mitochondria:

Contains many proteins that participate in oxidative phosphorylation(i.e. one group is replaced by phosphate group)

A

Intermembrane

43
Q

Structures of Mitochondria:

Has multiple folds projecting inwards called cristae

A

Inner membrane

44
Q

Structures of Mitochondria:

spaces found w/in mitochondria

A

Matrix & intermembrane

45
Q

Cell Parts:

It is responsible for the production of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

Mitochondria

46
Q

Cell Parts:

Scavenger of the cell/ Suicide bag

47
Q

Cell Parts:

Formed from the golgi apparatus

48
Q

cell eating, process when particles are engulfed by the cell and those that are needed will be digested/ degraded

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

Cell Parts:
Contains digestive enzymes, for digesting foreign materials
Responsible for intracellular digestion

A

Lysosomes

(The fluid inside lysosomes is much more acidic: about pH 4.8, than the normal pH of about 7.0–7.3) e.g. Acid hydrolase

50
Q

Cell Parts:

Digest microbes or materials by the cell

51
Q

Cell Parts:

Web-like series membrane w/in the cytoplasm w/c has the flatten sheets, sacks, tubes

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

52
Q

Ribosomes can be found in:

A

RER, mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleus (nucleolus)

53
Q

Subdivision of ER:

Site of protein synthesis because of the ribosomes that are found

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

Subdivision of ER:

Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

Subdivision of ER:

Site for lipid synthesis (steroids, fatty acids, cholesterols)

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

Subdivision of ER:

provides for diff enzymatic activities (detoxification, calcium storage, production of lipids)

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

Cell Parts:

series of several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures.

A

Golgi Apparatus (Packaging house of the cell/ Post Office)

58
Q

Cell Parts:

Modifies, packages, and sorts materials, that arrive from the endoplasmic reticulum in transport vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

59
Q

Regions of Golgi Apparatus:

entry of material, fuse w/ transport vesicles from ER

60
Q

Regions of Golgi Apparatus:

middle, where packaging of proteins happen

61
Q

Regions of Golgi Apparatus:

exit, budding off/ detaching of secretory vesicles

62
Q

Cell Parts:

Smaller, spherical membrane bound organelles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Peroxisomes

63
Q

Cell Parts:

Detoxify specific harmful substances: produced/ taken by the cell

A

Peroxisomes

Produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) thru oxidation and converted into water and oxygen

64
Q

Cell Parts:

Contain reducing enzymes: catalase or oxidase

A

Peroxisomes

65
Q

Cell Parts:

Organized network of protein filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

Scaffolding of protein

66
Q

Cell Parts:
Maintains integral structural support and organization of cells
Responsible for the transportation of the materials
Positioning and movement of organelles, and in the change of cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

67
Q

3 Components of Cytoskeleton:
Smallest components;
Involved in cell movements and membrane deformations

A

Microfilaments/ Actin filaments

maintain cell shape

68
Q

3 Components of Cytoskeleton:
Made of stranded protein fibers
Anchor organelles/ neighbor cells to each other, transport of membranes w/in the cytoplasm

A

Intermediate filaments (give mechanical support to structures: nucleus and plasma membrane)

69
Q

3 Components of Cytoskeleton:
Hollow tubules made up of tubulin (proteins)
Responsible for cell movement and movement of organelles

A

Microtubules (provides structural support)

70
Q

3 Components of Cytoskeleton:
Largest component of cytoskeleton
Involved in cell division

A

Microtubules

Produced by centrioles

71
Q

Classes of Cell:

(Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) are the most abundant organisms on earth

A

Prokaryotes

72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A prokaryotic cell does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Each organelle of eukaryotic cells is surrounded by a plasma membrane.

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The cell has no subcellular organelles, only have mesosomes (folding of the plasma membrane)

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Prokaryotes: Only contains infoldings of the plasma membrane called mesosomes.

76
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The (DNA) is condensed within the cytosol to form the nucleoid.

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Some prokaryotes have tail-like flagella. Majority are bacteria

78
Q

is the movement of a substance from an area of its higher concentration to an area of its lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

No energy is consumed during the transport

79
Q

is the type of diffusion of dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane

A

Simple diffusion

80
Q

is the type of diffusion that requires a protein carrier

A

Facilitated Diffusion

81
Q

is the diffusion of water point across a selectively permeable membrane

82
Q

This type of cell membrane transport uses energy (ATP) provided by the cell

A

Active Transport Process

83
Q

This type of cell membrane transport does not require energy

A

Passive Transport Process

84
Q

Sodium vs Potassium:

extracellular cation, found inside the cell, pairs w/ chloride (major extracellular anion)

85
Q

Sodium vs Potassium:

intracellular cation, outside of the cell

86
Q

Refers to bulk movement of substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

Dumping of secretory vesicle out of cell

87
Q

Refers to bulk movement of substance into the cells by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor -mediated endocytosis

88
Q

Binds 3 sodium and molecules of ATP, one phosphate group will bind through the channel

A

Active Transport: Sodium-Potassium Pump

89
Q

Cell Life Cycle:

It is the longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell is active and preparing for cell division

A

Interphase

Phases: G1 (longest, cells are metabolically active), S, G2 (cells are ready to enter cell division)

90
Q

Cell Life Cycle:

The DNA molecule is duplicated exactly in a process called DNA replication which occurs toward the end of the interphase

A

Interphase

91
Q

Cell Life Cycle:

Cells arise from the division of other cells. Chromosomes will be visible

A

Cell Division

92
Q

Cell Life Cycle:

consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

93
Q

Nuclear Division/ Karyokinesis:

each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere

A

Prophase

Longest stage. Chromosomes condense for it to become visible

94
Q

Nuclear Division/ Karyokinesis:

chromosomes align at the center of the cell (equatorial plate) via microtubules

A

Metaphase (Chromosomes shorten )

Chromosomes are observed if there are abnormalities

95
Q

Nuclear Division/ Karyokinesis:

chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

Shortest stage. Division of chromosomes

96
Q

Nuclear Division/ Karyokinesis:
two new nuclei assume their normal structure
Cell division is completed

A

Telophase

Splitting of two new daughter cells (cytokinesis, have own plasma membrane)

BIOCHEM (11 decks)

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