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BIOCHEM > CARBOHYDRATES I > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES I Flashcards

1
Q

is a chemical substance found within a living organism.

A

Biochemical substance

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2
Q

2 Kinds of Biochemical Substance:

substances that do not contain C in their structure: water inorganic compounds (salt)

A

Bio-inorganic substances

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3
Q

2 Kinds of Biochemical Substance:

include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

Bio-organic substances

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4
Q

is the most abundant bioorganic molecules on Earth (however, its abundance on the human body is relatively low).

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :
provides energy
Major food source/ energy supplies of our body
Primary source for the brain, erythrocytes, and retinal cells

A

Carbohydrate oxidation

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6
Q

Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :
in the form of glycogen (stored form of carbohydrates), provides a short-term energy reserve
Thru the intake of food, if not yet needed, it could be stored in form of glycogen

A

Carbohydrate storage

Stored in liver (diff biochemical metabolism) and muscles

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7
Q

Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates supply ___ atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)

A

carbon
(Plays key role in diff biochemical metabolism/ processes
Building block for many processes of metabolism
Central ingredient for life)

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8
Q

Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates form part of the structural framework of ___ and ___ molecules

A

DNA . RNA

DNA and RNA monomer unit (nucleotide) one of its 3 major component is sugar

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9
Q

Type of sugar component:
DNA: ____
RNA: ____

A

deoxyribose

ribose

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10
Q

Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates linked to lipids are _____ ______ of cell membranes

A 
structural component
(Glycolipid: carbohydrate attached to a lipid)
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11
Q

Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates :

Carbohydrates linked to proteins function in a variety of cell–cell and cell–molecule ____ processes

A

recognition

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12
Q

carbohydrate attached to a protein; marker for recognition between different cell/ molecule

A

Glycoprotein

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13
Q

General/ Empirical formula for CHO:

A

CnH2nOn; applicable for monosaccharides

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14
Q

Different Derivatives of CHO (PSA)

A

Phosphate
Sulfates
Amides

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15
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Functional Group:
RCHO

A

polyhydroxy aldehyde

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16
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Functional Group:
RCOR

A

polyhydroxy ketone

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17
Q 
Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Generic Classification/ Size of base C chain:
3C : triose
4C : \_\_\_\_
5C : \_\_\_\_
6C : \_\_\_\_
7C : \_\_\_\_
A

tetrose
pentose
hexose
heptose

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18
Q

Means that all sugars contain more than 1 or several hydroxyl groups (OH) found in the chain; regardless of types and could be named according to the functional group

A

Polyhydroxy

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19
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates based on the Number of sugar units/ base on molecular size:
1 sugar unit : ___
2 sugar unit: ___
2-10 sugar units : _____
multiple sugar units (monosaccharides are the base units) : ____

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
oligosaccharide
polysaccharide

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20
Q

same type of bonds, order, or formula but differ in arrangement of carbohydrates = differ the property of the said compound

A

Stereoisomers

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21
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates:
also known as monoses or glycoses are classified as aldose or ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl present.
Simplest unit/ the monomer unit for diff types of complex carbohydrates (1 sugar unit)

A

Monosaccharides

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22
Q

How many carbon components are there in deoxyribose and ribose?

A

5 C

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23
Q

ROR or RCHO:

is always found in the terminal end or in the carbon 1.

A

RCHO (aldehyde)

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24
Q

ROR or RCHO:

is always found in carbon 2 because there should be an alkyl group prior to the carbon which contains the double bond.

A

ROR (ketone)

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25
Q

Cannot be broken down into smaller units as it is the monomer unit. It is also called as simple sugars. 99% of them are straight-chained compounds.

A

Monosaccharides

e.g. ketoheptose, aldopentose

26
Q

simplest aldose

A

D- glyceraldehyde or aldotriose

27
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates:

are glycosides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharides

28
Q

linkage found bet 2 or more monosaccharides/ monomer units forming a complex CHO (covalent bond)

A

Glycosidic linkage/ bond

e.g. lactose, maltose, sucrose

29
Q

Handedness in Molecules: Objects and Mirror Images

A

Chirality

30
Q

are images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other (exactly the same)

A

Superimposable mirror images

31
Q

are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other (diff from each other)

A

Non-superimposable mirror images

32
Q

Molecules which tend to have superimposable mirror images are called

A

achiral molecule

33
Q

Molecules which tend to have non-superimposable mirror images

A

chiral molecule

34
Q

is an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation.

A

chiral center

35
Q

A if only the first statement is true
B if only the second statement is true
C if both statements are true
D if both statements are false

A molecule that contains a chiral center is said to be chiral.
A carbon atom involved in a multiple bond (double or triple bond) cannot be a chiral center since it has a fewer than four groups bonded to it.

A

C

36
Q

A if only the first statement is true
B if only the second statement is true
C if both statements are true
D if both statements are false
There should be no attached two or more similar groups to a carbon to be a chiral center.
A chiral molecule is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable.

A

C

37
Q

Atoms of stereoisomers are connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space, but same structure

A

Isomerism

38
Q

2 Types of Stereoisomerism:
have structures that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
Have single chiral center
Left and right handedness

A

Enantiomers

Enantios (Greek)= opposite

39
Q

2 Types of Stereoisomerism:
have structures that are not mirror image of each other
Cis-, Trans-
Can contain more than 1 chiral center; can have left and right handedness

A

Diastereomers

40
Q

is a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules

A

Fischer projection formula

41
Q

A if only the first statement is true
B if only the second statement is true
C if both statements are true
D if both statements are false

D and L system/ designation is used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers/ molecule or carbohydrates.
Functional groups of high priority will be written at the top (aldehyde; imp or ketone).

A

C

42
Q

D or L:

right (almost all monosaccharides)

A

D (dextro)

43
Q

D or L:

left (almost all amino acids, proteins)

A

L (levo)

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The D,L system used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers can be extended to other monosaccharides with more than one chiral center.

A

TRUE

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The carbon chain is numbered starting at the carbonyl group end of the molecule, and the highest-numbered chiral center is used to determine D or L configuration.

A

TRUE

46
Q

A six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group is an _____
A five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is a _____

A

aldohexose

ketopentose

47
Q

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides:
is the most abundant in nature and the most important from a human nutritional standpoint.
Aldohexose; 6C, most common monosaccharide, uses it as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate

A

D-glucose
(dextrose, blood sugar, grape sugar (good source of glucose)
Six membered cyclic form: Pyranose
Central pivotal point of CHO metabolism)

48
Q

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides: (Glucose or Fructose)
is biochemically the most important ketohexose
also known as levulose and fruit sugar (good dietary sugar)

A

D-Fructose
(Sweetest tasting, seen in semen, preservative for food and IV nutrient
More water soluble than glucose
Molecular: C6H12O6
Five membered cyclic form: Furanose because of the double bond found in C-2

49
Q

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides: (Galactose and Ribose)
aldohexose: Milk sugar
Synthesize in human; brain sugar (part of brain and nerve tissue)
Used to differentiate blood types: A, B, AB, O
Six membered cyclic form (Haworth Projection): Pyranose
Functional group: aldehyde, 6C

A

D-Galactose
(Difference from Glucose is the OH that is found on C-4
Less sweet than glucose; seldom encountered as free monosaccharides
Once it is digested it will be immediately converted into glucose
Galactosemia: genetic disorder of newborns; difficulty in converting galactose to glucose)

50
Q

Biochemically Important Monosaccharides:
aldopentose
Part of RNA, ATP, and DNA
Five membered cyclic form, same as fructose (5 membered): Furanose

A

D-Ribose

51
Q

2 Forms of D-Glucose:

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides

A

Alpha-form

52
Q

2 Forms of D-Glucose:

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides

A

Beta-form

53
Q

A cyclic monosaccharide containing a 6-atom ring is called a _____
One containing a 5-atom ring is called _____

A

Pyranose
Furanose
(because their ring structures resemble the ring structures in the cyclic ethers pyran and furan respectively)

54
Q

is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A 
Haworth Projection Formulas: Walter Norman Haworth (forms a cyclic form)
Right OH (Fisher): Downward (Haworth)
Left OH (Fisher): Upward (Haworth)
55
Q

Beta configuration, both of these groups (OH and CH2OH) point in the ____direction
Alpha configuration, the two groups point in____ directions.

A

same

opposite

56
Q

Reactions of Monosaccharides:
The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them
Usually that undergo are aldoses

A

Oxidation (to acidic sugars)

Oxidation can yield three different types of acidic sugars depending on the type of oxidizing agent used

57
Q

Reactions of Monosaccharides:
The carbonyl group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent.

A

Reduction (to sugar alcohols)

58
Q

is an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group.

A

Glycoside

59
Q

The monosaccharides responsible for blood groups are ____ and its derivatives.

A

D-galactose
(Found on the surface of RBCs)
N-acetyl galactosamine (A)
D-galactosamine (B)

60
Q

The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters

A

Phosphate ester formation
(Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates)
e.g. Glucose-1 phosphate, Glucose-6 phosphate

61
Q

derivative of glucose
Involved in a lot of metabolism/ biochemical process
Very important in conversion of glucose to diff products
Very important for the RBCs

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
(G6PD deficiency: doesn’t have the G6PD enzyme, RBCs have difficulty in breaking down G6P
Hereditary, can be known via newborn screening
Can cause hemolytic anemia)

62
Q

one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group (OH—> NH2)

A

Amino Sugar Formation
(Amino sugars and their N-acetyl galactosamine derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides)
Ex: Glucose —> Glucosamine, Galactose —> Galactosamine
Amines: NH2

BIOCHEM (11 decks)

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