CEBRA notes LA Exam 1 Flashcards
What does the ICF have high concentrations of?
potassium and phosphorus
What does the ECF have high concentrations of?
sodium, chloride and albumin
1 L=
1kg
At what percent dehydration will large animals appear clinically normal?
6%
Why are RBC indices and blood TP so variable in LA?
horses have splenic contractions
If an animal is in shock, what is the highest amount of fluids they can receive asap (within 1 hr)?
up to their blood volume so
6% of their body weight so 0.06 x bw in kgs
What ions are lost by the body rapidly via anorexia for ex?
potassium and chloride
When would I use 7% NaCl (hypertonic saline)
animals that are having a severe hypovolemic crisis
remember to follow with more conventional fluids
What type of fluids are most effective for shock caused by acute blood loss?
Hypertonic fluids
Other than a hypovolemic crisis, when else would using hypertonic fluids be helpful?
hyponatremia
hypochloremia
What is a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis (secretional) so bicarb loss, going to respond the best to fluid wise?
fluids containing a base
What is the cut off value for blood pH that warrants correction to maintain enzyme function? What should you give?
blood pH < 7.25
give bicarb!
What is normal blood bicarb?
24 mEq/L
Why is it important to only give 50% of the bicarb deficit as a bolus or to give the entire deficit of a 2-4 hour period?
to prevent paradoxical cerebral acidosis
A patient with metabolic alkalosis should be given what type of fluid?
a fluid with no base buffer such as 0.9%NaCl because these patients already have too much base!
Treat any deficits slowly!
What is hypernatremia and hyperchloremia best treated with in regard to fluids?
fluids that mimick normal plasma so Normasol or LRS
acute derangements can be txd with 5% dextrose or 0.45% saline
What fluids should be used to tx hyponatremia?
isotonic polyionic fluids OR hypertonic fluids containing supplemental NaCl or NaHCO3
What is an extremely common electrolyte abnormality that you will see in hoofstock that have been off feed for any length of time?
hypokalemia!
What does too rapid of administration of potassium pose a risk for and why?
bradycardia and cardiac arrest
What is the general rule of thumb for how much potassium supplementation a LA will receive?
0.5 mEq/kg bw/hr
What may be used to combat severe hyperkalemia?
dextrose containing fluids + insulin
Why should calcium be administered slowly?
bc its cardiotoxic
What should I avoid mixing banamine with?
calcium
LRS
What is the normal Ca2+ value in LA
10 mEq/dL
What is the equiation for calcium deficit?
Deficit= ECFx Bw in kgs x (desired calcium - measured) x 10 dl/L x 1L/kg x 1gm/1000 mg
Hypoproteinemia is the result of what
loss of vascular oncotic pressure
Blood and plasma should be given through what type of IV
a filtered IV set
What is the daily water requirement for horses and cows
Horses: 4-6% bw
cattle: 7-10% bw
What is the neonate requirement for fluids?
10% of their body weight per day
How much does the water requirement increase when there is fever, high ambient temp. activity, lactation, etc.?
2-3 fold
What is the daily potassium requirement of hoofstock?
1.2 mEq/kg/day
What is the maintenence amount of IV fluids for an adult horse?
5% of their bw/day
What type of virus is papular stomatitis?
parapox virus (DS DNA)
What is the underlying mechanism of papular stomatitis?
epidermitis
What should we see via biopsy that is diagnostic for Papular stomatitis?
eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
What is an important thing to note about the lesions papular stomatitis creates?
they have a raised rim and may be ulcerated/eroded in the center of the lesion
What is the scientific name of Orf and what type of virus is it?
Contagious Ecthyma
parapox virus (DS DNA)
What is the underlying mechanism of Contagious Ecthyma?
epidermitis
Where are ORF lesions most common?
muccocutaneous lesions of the face, coranary band, vulvular and teats
Should the vaccine be given to a flock that has not yet had orf? why?
NO it is a live form of the virus that is given at the mucocutaneous site and should only be used in flocks that have an ORF problem.
Is Contagious Ecythma zoonotic?
yes wear gloves!
How do you diagnose ORF?
histopath of lesions will show intracytoplasmic inclusions
Is vesicular stomatitis a reportable disease? What type of virus is it?
YES!
Rhabdovirus (SS RNA)
What is the underlying mechanism of vesicular stomatitis?
has up to a 2 week incubation period then there is epidermitis that leads to transient vesicles
How should I diagnose Vesticular Stomatits?
I won’t! i call the state vet.
What age group of animals are most commonly affected by Vesicular Stomatitis?
older cows
horses get a mild oral form of the disease
What reportable disease are horses resistant to?
Foot and Mouth Disease
How long will cattle with FMD shed the virus?
up to three years
Who diagnoses FMD?
the state vet
what is the underlying mechanism of Bluetongue?
vasculitis
What type of virus is bluetongue?
orbivirus- it is a reportable disease!
What two diseases are thought to be spread by Culicoides (midges)
bluetongue + epizootic hemorrhagic disease
BOTH OF THESE ARE REPORTABLE DISEASES
What is the underlying mechanism in epizootic hemorrhagic disease?
vasculits
What species is epizootic hemorrhagic disease enzootic in?
white tail deer
What type of virus is BVD?
Pestivirus (SS RNA).
THIS IS A REPORTABLE DZ
What are the two main syndromes that impact the GI tract of BVD and which do we see most commonly?
muccosal and acute BVD
muccosal more common
What clinical signs do we see with BVD?
transient high fever, diarrhea, leukopenia, oral ulcers, oculonasal discharge
In what animals do we see mucosal disease BVD in?
in persistantly infected animals that subsequently become exposed to a non-cytopathic virus in utero btw 42-125 dys of gestation
What type of virus is Malignant Catarrhal Fever and why is this important?
it is a herpes virus therefore it has a period of latency
-infected cattle can serve as the source of infection
What animals are susceptible to Malignant Catarrhal fever?
cattle, bison
there are wildebeest and sheep associated forms
What is the underlying mechanism of Malignant Catarrhal fever?
Vasculitis
What are clinical signs of Malignant Catarrhal fever
conjunctivitis with corneal edema, diarrhea, hematuria, encephalitis, lymphandenopathy
What is lumpy jaw
its chronic osteomyelitis caused by actinomyces bovis that leads to lysis of bone on the mandible resulting in a bony swelling.
Where do patients get exposed to actinomyces bovis?
it is thought to be a commensal oropharyngeal bacteria that invades bone via mucosal lesions or erupting teeth
Is actinomyces bovis gram + or -?
gram +
How do you diagnose lumpy jaw? How do you tx it?
radiographs
iodides but don’t have great efficacy against bone lesions
What type of bacteria causes wooden tongue?
actinobacillus lignieressi
What is the difference between the mass in lumpy jaw and wooden tongue?
wooden tongue will have a ST mass; lumpy jaw will have a hard bony mass
Where does wooden tongue most commonly affect sheep?
the lip
dz is rare in goats
What happens if ruminants are unable to swallow their saliva?
rapidly dehydrate, develop metabolic acidosis and become electrolyte depleted
How much of the animals bodyweight is due to the rumen + reticulum? What is the capacity?
20% in adult cattle
150-250 L
What type of epithelium is the forestomach lined with? What does it quickly absorb?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
non-ionized lipid soluble molecules quickly
What are the 5 products of fermentation
Butyrate
Acetate (makes up 60% Of VFA produced
Proprionate
water
Carbon dioxide
Methane
What product of fermentation is higher when a cow is on a high grain content diet?
Propionate
What product of fermentation is higher with more fibrous diets?
Butyrate (remember this is what helps develop the rumen!)
What size particles can pass into the omentum
6 mm and smaller
what controls rumen contractions neurologically?
medulla oblangata
the rumen has no innate motility
Sensory and motor input to the rumen pass along _?
the vagus nerves
What factors increase rumen contraction?
-low threshold tension receptor (decently full rumen)
-very acidic abomasum
-Scratch factor
-Chewing
What factors decrease rumen contraction or have inhibitory input?
high threshold tension receptors (overfilling of rumen)
rumen acidity
pain
What does successful eructation require?
clearance of ingesta from the cardia
Role of omasum
resorbs fluid and filters back large particles
regulator of transport from forestomach to true stomach
Role of abomasum
acid digestion
pH of 2-4
Role of spiral colon
water reabsorption
What animals have a poorly developed spiral colon
“mountain ruminants” - cattle only have 3 loops whereas sheep and goats have 10
What does a heart rate over 96 suggest?
volvulus, pain or toxemia
What is the normal hr?
60-80
What is the scooch test
cow will ventroflex after you squeeze the withers
if p has cranial abdominal pain they won’t scooch
What is the normal rumen pH
6.5
The increase in pH due to _____ is far greater than any decrease due to _______
anorexia; abomasal reflux
What does the new methylene blue test tell you? (eval of rumen consistency)
gives you an estimate of anaerobic microbial fxn
NMB should be gone in 5 min
What does a “normal” sedimentation test look like? (eval of rumen consistancy)
normal fluid should stay in suspension for over 5 minutes
