Cebra- Midterm 2 Bovine Gastric Disorders

Question 1

Define ruminoreticular disease

Answer 1

indigestion

Question 2

What does good forestomach function require

Answer 2

joint coordination of motor function and microbial fermentation

Question 3

What is bloat? What causes it?

Answer 3

distention of the rumen by gas
too much gas production or something preventing it from leaving

Question 4

What is overproduction of gas not nearly as important as?

Answer 4

1. physical obstruction of esophagus
2. physical obstruction of cardia
3. motor dysfunction
4. chemical inhibition

Question 5

When is bloat considered a primary problem?

Answer 5

when respiratory function is impaired

Question 6

Is vagal indigestion a acute or chronic disease?

Answer 6

it is generally a chronic, gradually progressive disease

Question 7

Describe types of vagal indigestion

Answer 7

type 1: motor dysfunction (bloat)
type 2: Omasal transport failure

Answer 8

inflammation
physically damaged the nerve
created adhesions (hardwear dz)

Question 9

Describe the L shape in regard to hypermotile failure of omasal transport

Answer 9

-dorsal distention on left side, bilateral ventral distention
rumen is L shaped and you can feel the shel “ventral sack” or

Question 10

What stimulates ruminal hypermotility

Answer 10

distention or gas accumulation
so essentially you will be seeing more ruminal contractions (like 5 /min)

Question 11

What occurs when the rumen distention becomes extreme?

Answer 11

hypomotility follows

Question 12

CS of hypermotile failure of omasal transport (Type 2) aka anterior functional stenosis

Answer 12

firm rumen- full of feed material
decreased fecal production
“L shape”
-large stomach but a declining appetite
-history of previous

Question 13

Describe type 3 Vagal indigestion

Answer 13

pyloric outflow failure aka posterior functional stenosis
-this causes ingesta to accumulate in the abomasum, omasum and the rumen
eventully the forestomach fills with chloride- rich gastric fluid
metabolic alkolosis
hypochloremia systemically
chronic disorder but p starts showing CS around 10 days

Question 14

What are big history canadites in a patient that could lead to type 3 vagal indigestion

Answer 14

ruptured abomasal ulcers with adhesions
DA
temporary ischemia during abomasal volvulus
vagal lesions

Question 15

How do you destabalize the foam in frothy bloat?

Answer 15

Poloxalene- a detergent thats a foam destabalizer

Question 16

Define traumatic reticulitis

Answer 16

ingestion of sharp usually metallic foreign objects which perforate the reticular wall

Question 17

What can result if traumatic reticulitis is severe?

Answer 17

peritonitis, pleuritis or pericarditis

Question 18

Clinical signs of traumatic reticulitis

Answer 18

febrile
completely anorexic
completely agalactic
refuses to ventroflex on scooch test
ruminations are usually absent

Question 19

What is forestomach acidosis

Question 20

What are the 5 ways cows protect the rumen from acid

Answer 20

non-ionized VFAs are readily absorbed across the rumen wall,
ruminal papillation helps increase surface area when VFA production is high
contraction cycles
ruminal outflow drains VFA into the abomasum and intestines
salivary flow and bicarb content increase

Question 21

What bacteria likes to over proliferate in carbohydrates are abundant? What are their end products?

Answer 21

streptococcus bovis!
makes D- and L-lactic acid as their end products which are stronger than VFAs

Question 22

What happens when streptococcus bovis is abundant?

Answer 22

pH drops
protozoa and lactate using bacteria are killed off
there is a shift away from gram negative bacteria and towards gram + bacteria
systemic dehydration bc rumen becomes fluid distended and splashy!!!!!

Question 23

What bacteria thrive when rumen pH drops below 4.5?

Answer 23

lactobacillus spp. which produce lactic acid

Question 24

What does the die off of gram negative organisms in forestomach acidosis cause?

Answer 24

endotoxemia which can lead to fungal or bacterial invasion

Question 25

What does the acidity of fluid in ruminal acidosis do?

Answer 25

cause chemical injury to the epithelium

Question 26

What does subclinical acidosis result in

Answer 26

change in health + performance (milk fat depression) without causing overt clinical abnormalities

Question 27

What does Clinical rumen acidosis result in

Answer 27

can be medical emergency
endoxoxemia
tachypnea
tachycardia
acidic pH of rumen fluid

Question 28

What can occur to animals with rumen acidosis if they don’t have a rumenotomy

Answer 28

relapse in the next day 1-3 days due to continued fermentation

Question 29

What test should I run to diagnose ruminal acidosis?

Answer 29

pass a tube, get a rumen sample and run a rumen pH (shouldn’t be below 5.8)

Question 30

What are the hallmarks of the bloodwork in patients with ruminal acidosis

Answer 30

left shift + neutropenia
acidosis
hyperlactemia
azotemia
hyperchloremic

Question 31

What test should I run if I am worried about salivary contamination or if I am looking to rule out subclinical acidosis

Answer 31

percutaneous rumen centesis thru left flank into the fluid portion of the rumen