CCR 8 ekg, cardiac pharmacology, postural drainage, etc

Question 1

what is Eindhoben triangle?

Answer 1

leads of the heart and hows it measured.
lead II is from left arm to right leg. which is in line from the SA node down to AV node and rest of the heart
lead II is going to show you the best rhythm.

Question 2

what is the P-R interval of an ECG?

Answer 2

time it takes atria to depolarize and AV node to fire (times from SA node to AV node)

Question 3

what is the QT interval?

Answer 3

time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization

Question 4

what is the ST segment?

Answer 4

time ventricles are depolarized (isoelectric period)

Question 5

how to read an ECG?

Answer 5

1) is the rhythm regular or irregular
2) heart rate
3) P wave
4) PR interval - is it 0.12-0.20 seconds (3-5 small squares)
5) QRS complex - do they look the same is the interval .06-0.10 (within 1-3 small squares)

Question 6

how do you calculate HR on an ECG?

Answer 6

0, 300, 150, 100, 75

for every 5 small squares you go down to the next number.

Question 7

what are the therapeutic implication for someone with brady cardia?

Answer 7

brady cardia is someone with HR below 60 bpm

therapeutic implications are fatigue, vagal episode, postural hypotension

Question 8

if the space between the R to R interval is the same is the sinus rhythm regular or irregular?

Answer 8

is the space between the R to R interval of the QRS complex if the same then the rhythm is regular.

Question 9

what are the therapeutic implication for sinus tachycardia

Answer 9

clinical judgement with HR and level of activity
do the Dr have a cap set for HR range?
fatigue

Question 10

what would be the therapeutic implication for someone with atrial flutter?

Answer 10

fatigue, palpitations, SOB, hypotension

Question 11

what is the classic sign of atrial flutter on the ECG?

Answer 11

P wave - sawtoothd appearance

Question 12

is the rhythm regular or variable for atrial flutter?

Answer 12

could be regular or variable but mostly irregular

Question 13

what are PVC?

Answer 13

ectopic foci in the ventricle

• following a PVC there is a long compensatory pause
• characterized by a wide bizarre QRS complex
• absent P-wave

Question 14

what is the difference between unifocal and multifocal PVC on an ECG?

what are the therapeutic implications for this?

Answer 14

unifocal will have one bizarre QRS complex following a normal QRS complex

multifocal will have more than one shape

therapeutic implication are wider than normal PQRS and keep going, activity is not contraindicated.

Question 15

what are trigeminal PVC?

Answer 15

when you have a wide bizarre QRS complex every 3rd beat.

BE CAUTIOUS when completing exercise because of their cardiac output

Question 16

what is the amount of PVC a person can have in 1 minute and be considered normal?

Answer 16

6. any more than 6 is not normal

Question 17

what are triplet PVC?

Answer 17

occurs in groups of 3. on an ECG you will see 3 irregular bizarre QRS in a row

STOP EXERCISE - individual could go into V-tach

V-tach is a medical emergency

Question 18

what are calcium channel blockers used for?

Answer 18

used for HTN and CHF
is relaxes and widen blood vessels
results in decreased HR and BP

Question 19

what are the PT implication for calcium channel blockers?

Answer 19

can use HR to judge effort
must use RPE.

watch out for orthostatic hypotension, peripheral edema, dyspnea

Question 20

what are ACE inhibitors used for?

Answer 20

HTN and CHF

decreased BP and afterload - relaxes blood vessels, decreases BP, decreases oxygen demand
results in decreased BP

-prils
“ACE-PRIL-Fools”
(pocket ACE’s you relax, BP goes down and relax.

Question 21

what are the PT implication for ACE inhibitors?

Answer 21

orthostatic hypotension, hyperkalemia, dizzines

Question 22

what are positive inotropic agents?

Answer 22

agents that alter force or energy of muscular contraction.
PIA - increases force of muscular contraction and also slows heart rate down.
Decreases conduction through AV node (increases BP)

used for CHF, A-fib.

(I DIG STAR WARS) increases the force

Question 23

what are beta blockers used for?

Answer 23

used for cardiac arrhythmias

decreases myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing HR and contractility.

block the action of beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system located in lungs, heart, skeletal muscles.

results in decreased HR and BP

Question 24

what are the PT implications for beta blockers?

Answer 24

use RPE and watch out for orthostatic hypotension

Question 25

what is the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease?

Answer 25

obstructive - SOB, difficulty exhaling - think COPD, emphysema chronic bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis (1:3 ratio of inahle to exhale)

Restrictive - difficulty getting air in. restricted from full expasion - think sarcoidosis, obestiy, scoliosis, DMD, ALS