CCM Ch. 2 Flashcards
symbol
a word or gesture that stands in for or represents something else
codes
culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help is organize, understand and generate meaning
displacement
the unique human ability to talk about events thay are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation
triangle of meaning
a model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent, and highlights the indirect relationship between the symbol and referent
denotation
definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole; the dictionary definition of a word
connotation
definition that is based on emotion - or experience-based associations people have with a word
grammar
the rules that govern how words are user to make phrases and sentences
language acquisition
the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate within a given language group
verbal expressions
language that helps us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs
directives
utterances that try to get another person to do something
commissives
language that commits the speaker to a certain course of action
neologisms
newly coined or used words
slang
new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; representative of peoples creative play with language
supportive message
messages communicated in an open, honest, and non-confrontational way
unsupportive messages
messages that can make others respond defensively, which can lead to feelings of separation or dissolution of a relationship
jargon
specialized words used by a certain group or profession
whole messages
include all the relevant types of expressions needed to most effectively communicate in a given situation, including what you think, what you feel, and what you need
partial messages
messages that are missing a relevant type of expression and can lead to misunderstanding and conflict
contaminated messages
messages that include mixed or misleading expressions
affective language
language used to express a persons feelings and create similar feelings in another person
simile
a direct comparison of two things using the words “like” or “as”
metaphor
an implicit comparison of two things that are not alike and/or are not typically associated
personification
the attribution of human qualities or characteristics of other living things to nonhuman objects or abstract concepts
social swearing
swearing used conversationally to create social bonds or for impression management ( to seem cool or attractive )
annoyance swearing
swearing that provides a sense of relief as people use it to manage stress and tension, which can be a preferred alternative to physical aggression
inference
conclusions based on thought or speculation but not direct observation
facts
conclusions based on a direct observation or group consensus
judgements
expressions of approval or disapproval that are subjective and not verifiable
inference-observation confusion
a frequent source of miscommunication that involved the misperception of an inference as an observation
adjacency pairs
related communication structures that come one after the other in an interaction
dialects
versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar and pronunciation
accents
distinct styles of pronunciation
communication accommodation theory
theory that explores why and how people modify their communication to fit situational, social, cultural, and relational contexts
convergence
using communication similar to that of your communication partner
divergence
using language to emphasize the differences between you and your conversational partner
cultural bias
a skewed way of viewing or talking about a group that is typically negative
